## Avodah Zarah Daf 31b

###### Avodah Zarah 31b:1
[Avodah Zarah 31b:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:1)

הַשּׁוֹלֵחַ חָבִית שֶׁל יַיִן בְּיַד כּוּתִי, וְשֶׁל צִיר וְשֶׁל מוּרְיָיס בְּיַד גּוֹי, אִם מַכִּיר חוֹתָמוֹ וּסְתָמוֹ — מוּתָּר, אִם לָאו — אָסוּר!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
from the following *baraita*: With regard to **one who sends a barrel of wine in the hands of a Samaritan, or** a barrel **of** fish **brine or** a barrel **of fish stew in the hands of a gentile, if he recognizes his seal and his** manner of **closing** the barrel, it **is permitted; if** he does **not** recognize them, it **is prohibited.** Apparently, a sealed barrel is permitted only when it is recognizable.


###### Avodah Zarah 31b:2
[Avodah Zarah 31b:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:2)

אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא: לָא קַשְׁיָא — כָּאן בָּעִיר, כָּאן בַּדֶּרֶךְ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rabbi Zeira said** that this is **not difficult. Here,** the first *baraita* is referring to barrels located **in a city; there,** the second *baraita* is referring to barrels that the Samaritan carries **on the road.** Sealed barrels are permitted in a city because the Samaritan is careful to ensure that gentiles do not touch them in front of anyone, so that he does not forfeit the business of Jews. While traveling he is not concerned, as he assumes that no one will discover that the gentile came into contact with the wine.


###### Avodah Zarah 31b:3
[Avodah Zarah 31b:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:3)

מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה: מִידֵּי הָנָךְ דְּעִיר לָא בְּדֶרֶךְ אָתוּ? אֶלָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה: בֵּין הַגִּיתּוֹת שָׁנִינוּ, כֵּיוָן דְּכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא אָפְכִי, מִירְתַת, אֲמַר: הַשְׁתָּא אִי חָזוּ לִי מַפְסְדוּ לִי.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rabbi Yirmeya objects to this: Didn’t these** barrels located **in the city come by the road** as well? **Rather, Rabbi Yirmeya says: We learned** the *baraita* that permits sealed barrels only in reference to those that are located **between the winepresses. Since everyone is found** there, the Samaritan **is apprehensive,** as he **says** to himself: **Now, if** someone **sees me** allowing a gentile to handle the wine **they will cause me to lose** my profit, as Jews will not purchase it.


###### Avodah Zarah 31b:4
[Avodah Zarah 31b:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:4)

אִתְּמַר: מִפְּנֵי מָה אָסְרוּ שֵׁכָר שֶׁל גּוֹיִם? רָמֵי בַּר חָמָא אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק: מִשּׁוּם חַתְנוּת, רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר: מִשּׁוּם גִּילּוּי.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**It was stated: For what** reason did the Sages **prohibit the beer of gentiles? Rami bar Ḥama says** that **Rabbi Yitzḥak says:** It is **due to** the concern that Jews will befriend gentiles while drinking with them, which might lead to **marriage** with gentiles. **Rav Naḥman said:** It is **due to** the concern of **exposure.**


###### Avodah Zarah 31b:5
[Avodah Zarah 31b:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:5)

אַגִּילּוּי דְּמַאי? אִילֵּימָא גִּילּוּי דְּנַזְיָיתָא — אֲנַן נָמֵי מְגַלֵּינַן! וְאֶלָּא דְּחָבִיתָא — אֲנַן נָמֵי מְגַלֵּינַן! לָא צְרִיכָא, בְּאַתְרָא דִּמְצַלּוּ מַיָּא.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **With regard to what** form **of exposure** is there a concern? **If we say** that the concern is with regard to **exposure of the vat, we too expose** the vat, and there is no reason to prohibit gentiles’ beer more than that of Jews. **And** if you say: **Rather,** the concern is for exposure **of** the **barrel, we also expose** barrels. The Gemara answers: **No,** it is **necessary** to prohibit the beer **in a place where the water** used to brew it is allowed to **settle.**


###### Avodah Zarah 31b:6
[Avodah Zarah 31b:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:6)

אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה יָשָׁן תִּשְׁתְּרֵי! דְּאָמַר רַבִּי: יָשָׁן מוּתָּר — אֵין מַנִּיחוֹ לְיַישֵּׁן, הֶחְמִיץ מוּתָּר — אֵין מַנִּיחוֹ לְהַחְמִיץ. גְּזֵירָה יָשָׁן אַטּוּ חָדָשׁ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **If that is so, aged** beer should **be permitted, as Rabbi** Yehuda HaNasi **says:** A substance that might contain exposed water but has **aged** is **permitted,** since the poison **does not allow it to age,** as it goes bad before it grows old. Similarly, if it **soured** it is **permitted,** because the poison impairs the taste but **does not allow it to sour.** Why, then, is all beer prohibited? The Gemara answers: The Sages issued a rabbinic **decree** with regard to **aged** beer **due to** the concern with regard to **new** beer.


###### Avodah Zarah 31b:7
[Avodah Zarah 31b:7](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:7)

רַב פָּפָּא מַפְּיקִין לֵיהּ (לאבבא) [אַבָּבָא] דְּחָנוּתָא, וְשָׁתֵי. רַב אַחַאי מַיְיתוּ לֵיהּ לְבֵיתֵיהּ, וְשָׁתֵי. וְתַרְוַיְיהוּ מִשּׁוּם חַתְנוּת, רַב אַחַאי עָבֵיד הַרְחָקָה יַתִּירְתָּא.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ The Gemara cites the opinions of various Sages with regard to beer. **Rav Pappa** had them **bring out** the **beer** belonging to gentiles from the store **to the entrance of the store, and he** would **drink** it outside the store. **Rav Aḥai** had them **bring** the beer **to his house, and he** would **drink** it there. **And both** of them drank the beer away from the presence of gentiles **due to** concern about **marriage** with gentiles. The Gemara notes that **Rav Aḥai established an extreme preventive measure** for himself beyond what is required by *halakha*.


###### Avodah Zarah 31b:8
[Avodah Zarah 31b:8](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:8)

רַב שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר בִּיסְנָא אִיקְּלַע לְמַרְגְּוָאן, אַיְיתוֹ לֵיהּ חַמְרָא וְלָא אִשְׁתִּי, אַיְיתוֹ לֵיהּ שִׁיכְרָא וְלָא אִשְׁתִּי. בִּשְׁלָמָא חַמְרָא מִשּׁוּם שִׁימְצָא, שִׁיכְרָא מִשּׁוּם מַאי? מִשּׁוּם שִׁימְצָא דְּשִׁימְצָא.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara relates that **Rav Shmuel bar Bisna happened** to come **to Marguan,** and **they brought him wine but he did not drink** it. Next **they brought him beer but he did not drink** it. The Gemara asks: **Granted,** he did not drink the **wine due to** the **trace [*shimtza*]** of libations, but **due to what** reason did he refrain from drinking **beer?** It was **due to** concern for **the trace of a trace,** i.e., he did not drink beer due to concern about drinking wine.


###### Avodah Zarah 31b:9
[Avodah Zarah 31b:9](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:9)

אָמַר רַב: הַאי שִׁיכְרָא דַּאֲרַמָּאָה שְׁרֵי, וְחִיָּיא בְּרִי לָא נִישְׁתֵּי מִינֵּיהּ. מָה נַפְשָׁךְ? אִי שְׁרֵי — לְכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא שְׁרֵי, אִי אֲסִיר — לְכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא אֲסִיר!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rav says: This Aramean beer is permitted, but my son Ḥiyya does not drink from it.** The Gemara asks: **Whichever** way **you** look at this matter, Rav’s statement is difficult: **If** the beer is **permitted,** then it is **permitted to everyone,** and there is no reason for his son to refrain from drinking it. And **if** it is **prohibited,** it is **prohibited to everyone,** and why would Rav say it is permitted?


###### Avodah Zarah 31b:10
[Avodah Zarah 31b:10](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:10)

אֶלָּא, רַב סָבַר מִשּׁוּם גִּילּוּיָא, וְאָזֵיל מְרוֹרָא דִּכְשׁוּתָא וְקָלֵי לֵיהּ זִיהֲרֵיהּ, וְדִלְקֵי מַלְקֵי לֵיהּ טְפֵי, וְחִיָּיא בְּרִי הוֹאִיל וּלְקֵי לָא נִישְׁתֵּי מִינֵּיהּ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara explains: **Rather, Rav holds** that the prohibition is **due to exposure, but the bitterness of the hops** in the beer **goes and impairs the** snake’s **venom,** so that it is safe for an average person to drink. **But** a person of **weak** constitution **is weakened further** by the impaired venom, **and** Rav was saying: In the case of **my son Ḥiyya, since he is weak, he does not drink from it.**


###### Avodah Zarah 31b:11
[Avodah Zarah 31b:11](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:11)

אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: כׇּל הַשְּׁרָצִים יֵשׁ לָהֶן אֶרֶס, שֶׁל נָחָשׁ מֵמִית, שֶׁל שְׁרָצִים אֵינוֹ מֵמִית. אֲמַר לֵיהּ שְׁמוּאֵל לְחִיָּיא בַּר רַב: בַּר אַרְיָא, תָּא וְאֵימָא לָךְ מִילְּתָא מְעַלְּיָיתָא דַּהֲוָה אָמַר רַב אֲבוּךְ, הָכִי אָמַר אֲבוּךְ: הָנֵי אַרַמָּאֵי זוּקָאנֵי — (דַּהֲווֹ שָׁתוּ) [מִשּׁוּם דְּשָׁתוּ] גִּילּוּיָא, (וְלָא מִתוּ) [וְהַאי דְּלָא מָיְיתִי] — אַיְּידֵי דְּאָכְלִי שְׁקָצִים וּרְמָשִׂים חֲבִיל גּוּפַיְיהוּ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Shmuel says: All creeping animals possess venom;** that **of a snake kills,** whereas the venom **of** other **creeping animals does not kill. Shmuel said to Ḥiyya bar Rav: Son of a lion! Come and I will say to you a superior matter that your father, Rav, said. This** is what **your father said: These Arameans** are **swollen [*zukanei*] because they drink exposed** liquids, **but they did not die** from doing so **since they eat repugnant creatures and creeping animals,** which **heat their bodies** and thereby render them less susceptible to the venom.


###### Avodah Zarah 31b:12
[Avodah Zarah 31b:12](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/31b:12)

אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף:

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rav Yosef says:**