## Avodah Zarah Daf 39b

###### Avodah Zarah 39b:1
[Avodah Zarah 39b:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:1)

אֲסוּרִין בְּחוֹתָם אֶחָד. חִילְתִּית, מוּרְיָיס, פַּת, גְּבִינָה — מוּתָּרִין בְּחוֹתָם אֶחָד.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
are all **prohibited** when they are found **with** only **one seal; *ḥiltit*, fish stew [*morayes*], bread [*pat*],** and **cheese [*gevina*]** are all **permitted** when they are found **with one seal.**


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:2
[Avodah Zarah 39b:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:2)

פַּת, לְמַאי נֵיחוּשׁ לַהּ? אִי מִשּׁוּם אִיחַלּוֹפֵי קָרִירָא בְּחַמִּימָא — מִידָּע יְדִיעַ, דְּחִיטֵּי בְּדִשְׂעָרֵי נָמֵי מִידָּע יְדִיעַ, אִי כִּי הֲדָדֵי — כֵּיוָן דְּאִיכָּא חוֹתָם אֶחָד לָא טָרַח וּמְזַיֵּיף.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara explains why only one seal is necessary for bread. **With regard to what** need we **be concerned** in the case of **bread,** that one might have thought it requires two seals? **If it is due to** the concern for the gentile **exchanging** the fresh bread of the Jew with his own bread that is less fresh, the difference between **cold** bread **and warm** bread is **known,** and the Jew will realize that there has been an exchange. Likewise, if there is a concern that a gentile might exchange the more valuable **wheat** bread of the Jew **with** his own less valuable **barley** bread, the Jew will **also know** about it in this case. And **if** it is due to the concern that a gentile might exchange **similar** kinds of bread with each other, it can be assumed that **since there is one seal** the gentile will **not trouble** himself **and forge** another seal just to exchange bread of equal value.


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:3
[Avodah Zarah 39b:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:3)

וְרַב, מַאי שְׁנָא גְּבִינָה? דְּלָא טָרַח וּמְזַיֵּיף? חָלָב נָמֵי לָא טָרַח וּמְזַיֵּיף! אָמַר רַב כָּהֲנָא: אַפֵּיק חָלָב, וְעַיֵּיל חֲתִיכַת דָּג שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ סִימָן.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **And** according to the opinion of **Rav, what is different** about **cheese** that it requires only one seal whereas milk requires two? If the reason is **that** a gentile will **not trouble** himself **and forge** a different seal, as cheese is generally inexpensive and the small profit he might make is not worth such an effort, this reasoning should apply to **milk also,** as he will **not trouble** himself **and forge** a new seal in this case either. **Rav Kahana said: Remove** the term: **Milk,** from Rav’s statement, **and enter** instead: **A piece of fish that has no sign** of kashrut.


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:4
[Avodah Zarah 39b:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:4)

הַיְינוּ בָּשָׂר! תְּרֵי גַּוְונֵי בָּשָׂר.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara raises an objection: Rav could not have been teaching that a piece of fish with no signs of kashrut requires two seals, as fish **is** the same as **meat,** which is already included in the list of items that require two seals. The Gemara explains that there are **two categories** of **meat:** Animal meat and fish meat. Since one might have thought that they are subject to different *halakhot*, Rav therefore teaches that both require two seals.


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:5
[Avodah Zarah 39b:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:5)

וּשְׁמוּאֵל אוֹמֵר: בי״ת אָסוּר בְּחוֹתָם אֶחָד, מח״ג מוּתָּר בְּחוֹתָם אֶחָד. בָּשָׂר, יַיִן, תְּכֵלֶת אֲסוּרִין בְּחוֹתָם אֶחָד; מוּרְיָיס, חִילְתִּית, גְּבִינָה מוּתָּרִין בְּחוֹתָם אֶחָד. לִשְׁמוּאֵל, חֲתִיכַת דָּג שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ סִימָן הַיְינוּ בָּשָׂר, תְּרֵי גַּוְונֵי בָּשָׂר לָא אָמְרִינַן.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara cites a different set of lists than that presented by Rav. **And Shmuel says:** The substances represented by the acronym ***beit*, *yod*, *tav*** are **prohibited** when sealed **with one seal;** those represented by the acronym ***mem*, *ḥet*, *gimmel*,** are **permitted** when sealed **with one seal.** The Gemara explains: **Meat [*basar*], wine [*yayin*],** and **sky-blue dye [*tekhelet*] are prohibited** when sealed **with a single seal; fish stew [*morayes*], *ḥiltit*,** and **cheese [*gevina*],** are **permitted** when sealed **with a single seal.** The Gemara comments: **According to Shmuel, a piece of fish that has no sign** of kashrut **is** the same as **meat,** and **we do not say** that there is a difference between **two categories** of **meat.** Consequently, he does not include in his list a piece of fish that has no sign of kashrut.


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:6
[Avodah Zarah 39b:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:6)

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: אֵין לוֹקְחִין ימ״ח מח״ג בְּסוּרְיָא, לֹא יַיִן וְלֹא מוּרְיָיס וְלֹא חָלָב וְלֹא מֶלַח סַלְקוֹנְדְּרִית וְלֹא חִילְתִּית וְלֹא גְּבִינָה, אֶלָּא מִן הַמּוּמְחֶה, וְכוּלָּן אִם נִתְאָרַח אֵצֶל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת — מוּתָּר.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**The Sages taught: One may not purchase** foods represented by the acronym ***yod*, *mem*, *ḥet*; *mem*, *ḥet*, *gimmel* in Syria,** not even from Jews. The Gemara elaborates: One may **not** purchase **wine [*yayin*], nor fish stew [*morayes*], nor milk [*ḥalav*], nor *salkondarit* salt [*melaḥ salkondarit*], nor *ḥiltit*, nor cheese [*gevina*], except** when purchased **from an expert** with a reputation for knowing and upholding the *halakhot* of kashrut. **And** with regard to **all of them, if one is a guest in** the home of his **host,** they are **permitted,** as a Jew is assumed to keep the *halakhot* of kashrut in his own home.


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:7
[Avodah Zarah 39b:7](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:7)

מְסַיַּיע לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: שִׁגֵּר לוֹ בַּעַל הַבַּיִת לְבֵיתוֹ — מוּתָּר. מַאי טַעְמָא? בַּעַל הַבַּיִת לָא שָׁבֵיק הֶיתֵּירָא וְאָכֵל אִיסּוּרָא, וְכִי מְשַׁגַּר לֵיהּ, מִמַּאי דְּאָכֵיל מְשַׁדַּר לֵיהּ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara adds: This **supports** the statement of **Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, as Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says:** If **a homeowner sent** someone a package of food **to his house,** the food is **permitted. What is the reason?** It is because **a homeowner does not leave aside permitted** foods **and eat prohibited** foods, **and when he sends** food **to** another, **he sends** it **from that which he eats** himself, even though one may not be allowed to purchase food from that individual.


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:8
[Avodah Zarah 39b:8](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:8)

וּמֶלַח סַלְקוֹנְדְּרִית. מַאי מֶלַח סַלְקוֹנְדְּרִית? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: מֶלַח שֶׁכׇּל סַלְקוֹנְדְּרֵי רוֹמִי אוֹכְלִין אוֹתָהּ. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מֶלַח סַלְקוֹנְדְּרִית, שְׁחוֹרָה — אֲסוּרָה, לְבָנָה — מוּתֶּרֶת, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: לְבָנָה — אֲסוּרָה, שְׁחוֹרָה — מוּתֶּרֶת. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: זוֹ וְזוֹ אֲסוּרָה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ The mishna teaches that ***salkondarit* salt** is prohibited. The Gemara asks: **What** is ***salkondarit* salt? Rav Yehuda says** that **Shmuel says:** It is the **salt that all Roman bakers [*salkondarei*] eat. The Sages taught:** With regard to ***salkondarit* salt, black** salt is **prohibited,** whereas **white** salt is **permitted;** this is **the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda says: White** salt is **prohibited; black** salt is **permitted.** The Gemara cites a third opinion: **Rabbi Yehuda ben Gamliel says in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina ben Gamliel: This and that,** i.e., both white and black *salkondarit* salt, are **prohibited.**


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:9
[Avodah Zarah 39b:9](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:9)

אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: לְדִבְרֵי הָאוֹמֵר לְבָנָה אֲסוּרָה, קִירְבֵי דָּגִים לְבָנִים טְמֵאִים מְעוֹרָבִין בָּהּ. לְדִבְרֵי הָאוֹמֵר שְׁחוֹרָה אֲסוּרָה, קִירְבֵי דָּגִים שְׁחוֹרִים טְמֵאִים מְעוֹרָבִין בָּהּ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara cites an explanation of this dispute. **Rabba bar bar Ḥana says** that **Rabbi Yoḥanan says: According to the statement of the one who says** that **white** *salkondarit* salt is **prohibited,** it is suspected that **the intestines of white non-kosher fish are mixed in it,** and this is the reason for the prohibition. **According to the statement of the one who says** that **black** salt is **prohibited,** it is suspected that **the intestines of black non-kosher fish are mixed in it.**


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:10
[Avodah Zarah 39b:10](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:10)

לְדִבְרֵי הָאוֹמֵר זוֹ וְזוֹ אֲסוּרָה, זֶה וָזֶה מְעוֹרָבִין בָּהּ. אָמַר רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל: זָקֵן אֶחָד הָיָה בִּשְׁכוּנָתֵנוּ, שֶׁהָיָה מַחְלִיק פָּנֶיהָ בְּשׁוּמַּן חֲזִיר.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**According to the statement of the one who said this and that** are **prohibited,** he is concerned that **this and that,** i.e., the intestines of both white and black fish, **are mixed in** white and black salt, respectively. The Gemara mentions an additional problem with *salkondarit* salt: **Rabbi Abbahu says in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina ben Gamliel: There was a certain elder in our neighborhood who would smooth its surface with pig fat.**


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:11
[Avodah Zarah 39b:11](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:11)

הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ אֲסוּרִים. לְמַעוֹטֵי מַאי? לְחִזְקִיָּה — לְמַעוֹטֵי בְּיָדוּעַ, לְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן — לְמַעוֹטֵי מוּרְיָיס וּגְבִינַת בֵּית אוּנְיָיקֵי, וּסְתָמָא כְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ The mishna further teaches that the list of items it mentioned **are** all **prohibited.** The Gemara asks: Since the mishna began by stating that the items it lists are prohibited for consumption, **what** does this apparently redundant conclusion serve **to exclude?** The Gemara answers: **According to** the opinion of **Ḥizkiyya** cited on 38b, it serves **to exclude** cases **where it is known** that wine of gentiles was added to the foods, as one may not even derive benefit from such foods. **According to** the opinion of **Rabbi Yoḥanan,** it serves **to exclude fish stew and cheese of Beit Unyaki,** as it is prohibited to derive benefit from these, **and** accordingly, the **unattributed** statement in this mishna is **in accordance with** the opinion of **Rabbi Meir,** cited in the previous mishna (29b).


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:12
[Avodah Zarah 39b:12](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:12)

**מַתְנִי׳** וְאֵלּוּ מוּתָּרִין בַּאֲכִילָה — חָלָב שֶׁחֲלָבוֹ גּוֹי וְיִשְׂרָאֵל רוֹאֵהוּ, וְהַדְּבַשׁ, וְהַדֻּבְדְּבָנִיּוֹת, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמְּנַטְּפִין — אֵין בָּהֶן מִשּׁוּם הֶכְשֵׁר מַשְׁקֶה, וּכְבָשִׁין שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכָּן לָתֵת לְתוֹכָן יַיִן וָחוֹמֶץ, וְטָרִית שֶׁאֵינָהּ טְרוּפָה, וְצִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ דָּגָה, וְעָלֶה שֶׁל חִילְתִּית, וְזֵיתֵי גְלוּסְקָאוֹת הַמְגוּלְגָּלִין.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**MISHNA:** **And these are permitted for consumption: Milk that was milked by a gentile and a Jew watched him** doing so; **and honey; and grape clusters [*davdevaniyyot*]** which, **despite the fact that they are dripping** juice, **are not subject to** the *halakhot* of **susceptibility** to ritual impurity caused by contact with that **liquid; and pickled** vegetables **whose** usual **manner** of preparation **does not** involve **adding wine and vinegar to them; and *tarit*** fish **that is not minced; and brine that has fish in it; and the leaf of a *ḥiltit*** plant; **and rolled olive cakes [*geluskaot*].**


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:13
[Avodah Zarah 39b:13](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:13)

רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: הַשְּׁלָחִין אֲסוּרִין, הַחֲגָבִים הַבָּאִים מִן הַסְּלוּלָה אֲסוּרִין, מִן הַהֶפְתֵּק מוּתָּרִין, וְכֵן לִתְרוּמָה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rabbi Yosei says: Overripe** olives **are prohibited. Locusts that come from** a salesman’s **basket are prohibited,** whereas those that come **from the storeroom [*heftek*] are permitted; and likewise with regard to the portion of the produce designated for the priest [*teruma*],** as will be explained in the Gemara.


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:14
[Avodah Zarah 39b:14](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:14)

**גְּמָ׳** תְּנֵינָא לְהָא דְּתָנוּ רַבָּנַן: יוֹשֵׁב יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּצַד עֶדְרוֹ שֶׁל גּוֹי, וְגוֹי חוֹלֵב וּמֵבִיא לוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ. הֵיכִי דָמֵי? אִי דְּלֵיכָּא דָּבָר טָמֵא בְּעֶדְרוֹ — פְּשִׁיטָא, וְאִי דְּאִיכָּא דָּבָר טָמֵא בְּעֶדְרוֹ — אַמַּאי?

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**GEMARA:** **We learn** from the mishna **that which the Sages taught** explicitly in a *baraita*: **A Jew may sit beside a gentile’s flock and** wait while **the gentile milks** his animals **and brings** the milk **to** the Jew, **and he** need **not be concerned,** even if he cannot see the milking process from his seated position. The Gemara asks: **What are the circumstances** of this case? **If** it is known **that there is no non-kosher** animal **in** the gentile’s **flock,** isn’t it **obvious** that the milk is permitted? Why would the *baraita* teach an obvious *halakha*? **And if there is a non-kosher** animal **in his flock,** then **why** is the milk permitted, considering the fact that the Jew could not see the gentile from where he sat?


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:15
[Avodah Zarah 39b:15](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:15)

לְעוֹלָם דְּאִיכָּא דָּבָר טָמֵא, וְכִי קָאֵי חָזֵי לֵיהּ, וְכִי יָתֵיב לָא חֲזֵי לֵיהּ; מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא: כֵּיוָן דְּיָתֵיב לָא חָזֵי לֵיהּ, נֵיחוּשׁ דִּלְמָא מַיְיתֵי וּמְעָרֵב בֵּיהּ, קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן: כֵּיוָן דְּכִי קָאֵי חָזֵי לֵיהּ, אִירְתוֹתֵי מִירְתַת וְלָא מְיעָרֵב בֵּיהּ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara explains: **Actually,** this is referring to a case **where there is a non-kosher** animal in the flock, **and when** the Jew **is standing he can see** the gentile, **but when he is sitting he cannot see** the gentile. **Lest you say: Since** when the Jew **is sitting, he cannot see** the gentile, **we should be concerned** that **perhaps** the gentile **will bring** non-kosher milk **and mix it** with the kosher milk, the *baraita* therefore **teaches us** that **since when** the Jew **is standing, he can see him,** the gentile **is fearful** of being caught **and does not mix** anything **into** the milk.


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:16
[Avodah Zarah 39b:16](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:16)

וְהַדְּבַשׁ. דְּבַשׁ לְמַאי נֵיחוּשׁ לַהּ? אִי מִשּׁוּם אִיעָרוֹבֵי — מִיסְרָא סְרֵי, אִי מִשּׁוּם בִּישּׁוּלֵי גוֹיִם — נֶאֱכָל כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוּא חַי, אִי מִשּׁוּם גִּיעוּלֵי גוֹיִם — נוֹתֵן טַעַם לִפְגָם הוּא וּמוּתָּר.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ The mishna teaches: **And the honey** of gentiles is permitted. The Gemara explains: **For what** need we **be concerned with regard to honey? If** it is **due to** the concern that a gentile might **mix** wine with it, honey **spoils** when it is mixed with wine, and therefore a gentile would not do so. **If** it is **due to the cooking of gentiles,** this too does not apply, because **it is eaten as it is,** i.e., **raw. If** it is **due to** the concern that the honey might have absorbed prohibited taste from vessels of **gentiles** that require **purging,** this does not apply either, as it **is** a prohibited substance that **imparts flavor to** the **detriment** of the mixture, **and** such a case **is permitted.** Since none of these concerns are relevant, the honey is permitted.


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:17
[Avodah Zarah 39b:17](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:17)

וְהַדֻּבְדְּבָנִיּוֹת. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמְּנַטְּפוֹת, אֵין בָּהֶן מִשּׁוּם הֶכְשֵׁר מַשְׁקֶה. וּרְמִינְהִי: הַבּוֹצֵר לַגַּת — שַׁמַּאי אוֹמֵר: הוּכְשַׁר, הִלֵּל אוֹמֵר: לֹא הוּכְשַׁר, וְאוֹדִי לֵיהּ הִלֵּל לְשַׁמַּאי!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ The mishna further teaches: **And grape clusters** which, **despite the fact that they are dripping** juice, **are not subject** to the *halakhot* of **susceptibility to** ritual impurity caused by contact with that **liquid. And** the Gemara **raises a contradiction** from the following *baraita*: With regard to **one who harvests** grapes in order to take them **to the press** and crush them, there is a dispute as to whether or not the liquid that seeps from the grapes renders them susceptible to ritual impurity. **Shammai says: It has become susceptible** to ritual impurity, and **Hillel says: It has not become susceptible. And** eventually **Hillel conceded to** the opinion of **Shammai.** This shows that the juice that seeps out of grapes does render them susceptible to ritual impurity, which apparently contradicts the ruling of the mishna.


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:18
[Avodah Zarah 39b:18](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:18)

הָתָם קָא בָעֵי לֵיהּ לְמַשְׁקֶה, הָכָא לָא קָא בָעֵי לֵיהּ לְמַשְׁקֶה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara explains: **There,** in the case of the *baraita*, **he wants** the juice **as a beverage,** and one’s intention influences the capability of certain liquids to render substances susceptible to ritual impurity. Therefore, the liquid that seeps from the grapes renders them susceptible to ritual impurity. **Here,** in the case of the mishna, **he does not want** the juice **as a beverage,** and therefore the grapes are not rendered susceptible to impurity.


###### Avodah Zarah 39b:19
[Avodah Zarah 39b:19](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/39b:19)

וְטָרִית שֶׁאֵינָהּ טְרוּפָה: תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן, אֵיזוֹ הִיא טָרִית שֶׁאֵינָהּ טְרוּפָה? כֹּל שֶׁרֹאשׁ וְשִׁדְרָה נִיכָּר. וְאֵיזוֹ צִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ דָּגָה? כָּל שֶׁכִּילְבִּית אַחַת אוֹ שְׁתֵּי כִּילְבִּיּוֹת

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ The mishna further teaches: **And *tarit*** fish **that is not minced** and brine that has fish in it are permitted. **The Sages taught: What is** considered ***tarit* that has not been minced? Any** fish whose **head and spine are recognizable. And what is** considered **brine that has fish in it? Any** brine **that** has **one *kilbit* or two *kilbiyot***