## Avodah Zarah Daf 43a

###### Avodah Zarah 43a:1
[Avodah Zarah 43a:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:1)

הָנֵי — אִין, צוּרַת דְּרָקוֹן — לָא!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Sages interpret this verse as referring to the heavenly constellations, which indicates that it **is** prohibited to form only **these** figures, but it is **not** prohibited to form **a figure of a dragon.**


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:2
[Avodah Zarah 43a:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:2)

אֶלָּא פְּשִׁיטָא בְּמוֹצֵא, וּכְדִתְנַן: הַמּוֹצֵא כֵּלִים וַעֲלֵיהֶם צוּרַת חַמָּה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rather,** the Gemara concludes, it is **obvious** that this *halakha* is referring to a case **where** one **finds** a vessel with the figure of a dragon, **and** this is **as we learned** in the mishna: In the case of **one who finds vessels, and upon them is a figure of the sun,** a figure of the moon, or a figure of a dragon, he must take them and cast them into the Dead Sea.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:3
[Avodah Zarah 43a:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:3)

רֵישָׁא וְסֵיפָא בְּמוֹצֵא, וּמְצִיעֲתָא בְּעוֹשֶׂה?

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks about the lack of consistency between the clauses of Rav Sheshet’s statement: Can it be that **the first clause and the last clause are** referring to a case **where one finds** vessels with the specified figures, **and the middle clause is** referring to a case **where one forms** these figures?


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:4
[Avodah Zarah 43a:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:4)

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: אִין, רֵישָׁא וְסֵיפָא בְּמוֹצֵא, וּמְצִיעֲתָא בְּעוֹשֶׂה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Abaye said: Indeed, the first clause and the last clause are** referring to cases **where one finds** vessels with figures, **and the middle clause is** referring to a case **where one forms** figures.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:5
[Avodah Zarah 43a:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:5)

רָבָא אָמַר: כּוּלָּהּ בְּמוֹצֵא, וּמְצִיעֲתָא רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הִיא. דְּתַנְיָא: רַבִּי יְהוּדָה מוֹסִיף אַף דְּמוּת מְנִיקָה וְסַר אֲפֵיס. מְנִיקָה — עַל שֵׁם חַוָּה שֶׁמְּנִיקָה כָּל הָעוֹלָם כּוּלּוֹ, סַר אֲפֵיס — עַל שֵׁם יוֹסֵף שֶׁסָּר וּמֵפִיס אֶת כָּל הָעוֹלָם כּוּלּוֹ. וְהוּא דְּנָקֵיט גְּרִיוָא וְקָא כָיֵיל, וְהִיא דְּנָקְטָא בֵּן וְקָא מְנִיקָה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rava said: The entire** statement of Rav Sheshet is referring to a case **where one finds** vessels with these figures, **and the middle clause is** in accordance with the opinion of **Rabbi Yehuda. As it is taught** in a *baraita* that **Rabbi Yehuda adds** to the list of forbidden figures **even a figure of a nursing woman and *Sar Apis*.** The figure of **a nursing woman** is worshipped as it **symbolizes Eve, who nurses the entire world.** The figure of ***Sar Apis*** is worshipped as it **symbolizes Joseph, who ruled over [*sar*] and appeased [*mefis*] the entire world** by distributing food during the seven years of famine (see Genesis, chapter 41). **But** the figure of *Sar Apis* is forbidden **only when it is holding a dry measure and measuring** with it; **and** the figure of a nursing woman is forbidden **only when she is holding a child and nursing** it.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:6
[Avodah Zarah 43a:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:6)

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: אֵיזֶהוּ צוּרַת דְּרָקוֹן? פֵּירֵשׁ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר: כֹּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ צִיצִין בֵּין פְּרָקָיו. מַחְוֵי רַבִּי אַסִּי: בֵּין פִּרְקֵי צַוָּאר. אָמַר רַבִּי חָמָא בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ **The Sages taught: What is a figure of a dragon? Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar explained:** It is **any** figure **that has scales between its joints. Rabbi Asi motioned** with his hands to depict scales **between the joints of the neck. Rabbi Ḥama, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, says:** The ***halakha*** is **in accordance with** the opinion of **Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar.**


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:7
[Avodah Zarah 43a:7](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:7)

אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: פַּעַם אַחַת הָיִיתִי מְהַלֵּךְ אַחַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר הַקַּפָּר בְּרִיבִּי בַּדֶּרֶךְ, וּמָצָא שָׁם טַבַּעַת וְעָלֶיהָ צוּרַת דְּרָקוֹן, וּמָצָא גּוֹי קָטָן וְלָא אָמַר לוֹ כְּלוּם, מָצָא גּוֹי גָּדוֹל וְאָמַר לוֹ: בַּטְּלָהּ, וְלֹא בִּטְּלָהּ, סְטָרוֹ וּבִטְּלָהּ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rabba bar bar Ḥana says** that **Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: Once, I was following Rabbi Elazar HaKappar the Distinguished on the road, and he found a ring there, and there was a figure of a dragon on it. And he** then **encountered a minor gentile boy, but did not say anything to him. He** then **encountered an adult gentile, and said to him: Revoke** the ring’s idolatrous status. **But** the gentile **did not revoke it.** Rabbi Elazar HaKappar then **slapped him** across his face, whereupon the gentile succumbed **and revoked** its idolatrous status.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:8
[Avodah Zarah 43a:8](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:8)

שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ תְּלָת: שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ גּוֹי מְבַטֵּל עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁלּוֹ וְשֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ, וּשְׁמַע מִינַּהּ יוֹדֵעַ בְּטִיב שֶׁל עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וּמְשַׁמְּשֶׁיהָ מְבַטֵּל, וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ בְּטִיב עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וּמְשַׁמְּשֶׁיהָ אֵינוֹ מְבַטֵּל, וּשְׁמַע מִינַּהּ גּוֹי מְבַטֵּל בְּעַל כׇּרְחוֹ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara comments: **Learn from** this incident the following **three** *halakhot*: **Learn from it** that **a gentile can revoke** the idolatrous status of both **his** object of **idol worship and that of another** gentile. **And learn from** the fact that Rabbi Elazar HaKappar waited to find an adult gentile, that only one who **is aware of the nature of idol worship and its accessories can revoke** the idol’s status, **but** one **who is not aware of the nature of idol worship and its accessories,** such as a minor, **cannot revoke** the idol’s status. **And** finally, **learn from it** that **a gentile can revoke** the status of an idol even **against his will.**


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:9
[Avodah Zarah 43a:9](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:9)

מְגַדֵּף בַּהּ רַבִּי חֲנִינָא, וְלֵית לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר הַקַּפָּר בְּרִיבִּי הָא דִּתְנַן: הַמַּצִּיל מִן הָאֲרִי וּמִן הַדּוֹב וּמִן הַנָּמֵר וּמִן הַגַּיִיס וּמִן הַנָּהָר וּמִזּוֹטוֹ שֶׁל יָם וּמִשְּׁלוּלִיתוֹ שֶׁל נָהָר, וְהַמּוֹצֵא בִּסְרַטְיָא וּפְלַטְיָא גְּדוֹלָה, וּבְכׇל מָקוֹם שֶׁהָרַבִּים מְצוּיִן שָׁם — הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ שֶׁלּוֹ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַבְּעָלִים מִתְיָיאֲשִׁין מֵהֶן?

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rabbi Ḥanina ridiculed** this ruling and asked: **But** why was it necessary to have a gentile actively revoke the idolatrous status of the ring? **Doesn’t Rabbi Elazar HaKappar the Distinguished maintain** in accordance with **that which we learned** in a *baraita*: In the case of **one who saves** an object **from a lion, or from a bear, or from a cheetah, or from a troop** of soldiers, **or from a river, or from the tide of the sea, or from the flooding of a river, or** similarly **one who finds** an object **in a main thoroughfare or** in **a large plaza, or** for that matter, **anywhere frequented by the public,** in all these cases, the objects belong **to him, because the owners despair of** recovering **them?** Therefore, in the case of a lost ring with an idolatrous figure on it, its idolatrous status is automatically revoked, as its owner despairs of recovering it.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:10
[Avodah Zarah 43a:10](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:10)

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: נְהִי דְּמִינַּהּ מִיָּיאַשׁ, מֵאִיסּוּרָא מִי מִיָּיאַשׁ? מֵימָר אָמַר: אִי גּוֹי מַשְׁכַּח לַהּ — מִפְלָח פָּלַח לַהּ, אִי יִשְׂרָאֵל מַשְׁכַּח לַהּ — אַיְּידֵי דְּדָמֶיהָ יְקָרִין מְזַבֵּין לַהּ לְגוֹי וּפָלַח לַהּ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Abaye said: Granted,** the owner **despairs of** recovering the object **itself, but does he despair of** its **forbidden [*me’issura*]** idolatrous status? The owner does not assume that the object will never be worshipped again; rather, **he says** to himself: **If a gentile finds it, he will worship it. If a Jew finds it, since it is valuable, he will sell it to a gentile who will** then **worship it.** Therefore, Rabbi Elazar HaKappar had to have the ring’s idolatrous status revoked.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:11
[Avodah Zarah 43a:11](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:11)

תְּנַן הָתָם: דְּמוּת צוּרוֹת לְבָנוֹת הָיָה לוֹ לְרַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל בַּעֲלִיָּיתוֹ, בְּטַבְלָא בַּכּוֹתֶל, שֶׁבָּהֶן מַרְאֶה אֶת הַהֶדְיוֹטוֹת, וְאוֹמֵר לָהֶן: כָּזֶה רְאִיתֶם אוֹ כָּזֶה רְאִיתֶם?

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ **We learned** in a mishna **there** (*Rosh HaShana* 24a): **Rabban Gamliel had** diagrams of the different **figures of moons** drawn **on a tablet** that hung **on the wall of his attic, which he would show to the ordinary** people **[*hahedyotot*]** who came to testify about sighting the new moon but who were unable to adequately describe what they had seen. **And he would say to them: Did you see** an image **like this, or did you see** an image **like that?**


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:12
[Avodah Zarah 43a:12](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:12)

וּמִי שְׁרֵי? וְהָכְתִיב: ״לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּי״, לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן כִּדְמוּת שַׁמָּשַׁי הַמְשַׁמְּשִׁים לְפָנַי!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **And is** it **permitted** to form these figures? **But isn’t it written: “You shall not make with Me** gods of silver, or gods of gold” (Exodus 20:20), which is interpreted to mean: **You shall not make figures of My attendants who serve before Me,** i.e., those celestial bodies that were created to serve God, including the sun and the moon.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:13
[Avodah Zarah 43a:13](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:13)

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: לֹא אָסְרָה תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא שַׁמָּשִׁין שֶׁאֶפְשָׁר לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּמוֹתָן,

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
In answering, **Abaye said: The Torah prohibited only** the figures of those **attendants that** one can **possibly reproduce** something that is truly **in their likeness.** Since it is impossible to reproduce the sun and the moon, the prohibition does not apply to these entities.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:14
[Avodah Zarah 43a:14](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:14)

כִּדְתַנְיָא: לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם בַּיִת תַּבְנִית הֵיכָל, אַכְסַדְרָה תַּבְנִית אוּלָם, חָצֵר תַּבְנִית עֲזָרָה, שׁוּלְחָן תַּבְנִית שׁוּלְחַן, מְנוֹרָה תַּבְנִית מְנוֹרָה, אֲבָל הוּא עוֹשֶׂה שֶׁל חָמֵשׁ וְשֶׁל שֵׁשׁ וְשֶׁל שְׁמוֹנֶה, וְשֶׁל שֶׁבַע לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה אֲפִילּוּ שֶׁל שְׁאָר מִינֵי מַתָּכוֹת.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**As it is taught** in a *baraita*: **A person may not construct a house** in the exact **image of the Sanctuary,** nor **a portico** in the exact **image of the Entrance Hall** of the Sanctuary, nor **a courtyard corresponding to the Temple courtyard,** nor **a table corresponding to the Table** in the Temple, nor **a candelabrum corresponding to the Candelabrum** in the Temple. **But** one **may fashion** a candelabrum **of five or of six or of eight** lamps. **And** one **may not fashion** a candelabrum **of seven** lamps **even** if he constructs it **from other kinds of metal** rather than gold, as in extenuating circumstances the Candelabrum in the Temple may be fashioned from other metals.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:15
[Avodah Zarah 43a:15](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:15)

רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: אַף שֶׁל עֵץ לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה, כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁעָשׂוּ בֵּית חַשְׁמוֹנַאי.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The *baraita* continues: **Rabbi Yosei bar Yehuda says: One may not fashion a candelabrum of wood either, in the manner that** the kings of **the Hasmonean monarchy fashioned** it. When they first purified the Temple they had to fashion the Candelabrum out of wood as no other material was available. Since a wooden candelabrum is fit for the Temple, it is prohibited to fashion one of this kind for oneself.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:16
[Avodah Zarah 43a:16](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:16)

אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִשָּׁם רְאָיָה? שַׁפּוּדִין שֶׁל בַּרְזֶל הָיוּ, (וְחוֹפִין) [וְחִיפּוּם] בְּבַעַץ, הֶעֱשִׁירוּ — עֲשָׂאוּם שֶׁל כֶּסֶף, חָזְרוּ וְהֶעֱשִׁירוּ — עֲשָׂאוּם שֶׁל זָהָב.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Rabbis **said to** Rabbi Yosei bar Yehuda: Do you seek to cite **a proof from there,** i.e., from the Hasmonean era, that a candelabrum fashioned of wood is fit for the Temple? During that era the branches of the Candelabrum **were** fashioned from **spits [*shappudin*] of iron, and they covered** them **with tin [*beva’atz*].** Later, when **they grew richer** and could afford a Candelabrum of higher-quality material, **they fashioned** the Candelabrum **from silver.** When **they grew even richer, they fashioned** the Candelabrum **from gold.** In any event, Abaye proves from this *baraita* that the prohibition against forming a figure applies only to items that can be reconstructed in an accurate manner. Since this is not possible in the case of the moon, Rabban Gamliel’s figures were permitted.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:17
[Avodah Zarah 43a:17](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:17)

וְשַׁמָּשִׁין שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לַעֲשׂוֹת כְּמוֹתָן מִי שְׁרֵי? וְהָתַנְיָא: ״לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן אִתִּי״ — לֹא תַעֲשׂוּן כִּדְמוּת שַׁמָּשַׁי הַמְשַׁמְּשִׁים לְפָנַי בַּמָּרוֹם!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **And is it** actually **permitted** to fashion figures of those **attendants** of God concerning **which it is impossible to reproduce their likeness? But isn’t it taught** in a *baraita* that the verse: **“You shall not make with Me** gods of silver” (Exodus 20:20), is interpreted to mean: **You shall not make figures of My attendants who serve before Me on high?** Apparently, this includes the sun and the moon.


###### Avodah Zarah 43a:18
[Avodah Zarah 43a:18](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Avodah%20Zarah/r/43a:18)

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי:

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Abaye said:**