## Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot Chapter 2

###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:1
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:1:1)

**אֵלּוּ מְטַמְּאִין בְּאֹהֶל, הַמֵּת וְכַזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת.** וְאִי קַשְׁיָא, כַּזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת מְטַמֵּא מֵת עַצְמוֹ לֹא כָל שֶׁכֵּן, הָא מִלְּתָא מִתָּרְצָה בַּגְּמָרָא בְּנָזִיר [דַּף נט], לֹא נִצְרְכָא אֶלָּא לְנֵפֶל שֶׁלֹּא נִתְקַשְּׁרוּ אֵבָרָיו בְּגִידִין שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ כַזַּיִת בָּשָׂר:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
אלו מטמאין באוהל, המת וכזית מן המת -and if this is difficult, an olive’s bulk of a corpse defiles, from that which is defiled from contact with the dead, all the more so, this matter is resolved in the Gemara in [Tractate] Nazir [50a, it is needed only for [the case of] a premature/non-viable birth whose limbs were not connected with sinews as it lacks an olive’s bulk of flesh.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:2
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:1:2)

**נֶצֶל.** בְּשַׂר הַמֵּת שֶׁנִּמּוֹחַ וְנַעֲשָׂה כְמִין לֵחָה סְרוּחָה:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
נצל (decayed matter – liquid and coagulated portions of a corpse) – the flesh of a corpse that swelled up like a kind of ill-smelling secretion.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:3
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:1:3)

**מְלֹא תַרְוָד.** כַּף. וְשִׁעוּרוֹ מְלֹא חָפְנַיִם:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
מלוא תרוד (A tarvad/spoon-full of dust) – a spoon, and its measurement is two handfuls.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:4
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:1:4)

**רָקָב.** גּוּפוֹ שֶׁל מֵת כְּשֶׁכָּלָה לַחוּתוֹ וְנַעֲשָׂה כְמִין עָפָר. וְאֵין מְלֹא תַרְוַד רָקָב מְטַמֵּא אֶלָּא מִן הַמֵּת שֶׁנִּקְבַּר עָרֹם בְּאָרוֹן שֶׁל שַׁיִשׁ וּמְכֻסֶּה בְּכִסּוּי שֶׁל שַׁיִשׁ, עַד שֶׁנּוֹדַע בְּוַדַּאי שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ תַּעֲרֹבֶת רִקָּבוֹן שֶׁל בֶּגֶד אוֹ שֶׁל עֵץ אוֹ עָפָר אַחֵר. אֲבָל מֵת שֶׁנִּקְבַּר בִּכְסוּתוֹ אוֹ בְאָרוֹן שֶׁל עֵץ אוֹ בֶעָפָר, אֵין לוֹ רָקָב. וְכֵן מֵת שֶׁנִּקְבַּר חֲסַר אֵבָר אֵין לוֹ רָקָב:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
רקב – the body of a corpse when its moisture has departed and it becomes like a kind of dust. But a handful of a a mass of earth from a grave containing parts of a decaying human body doesn’t defile other than from a corpse that was buried naked in a coffin/bier of marble and covered with a covering of marble, until it is known with certainty that there is combination of decayed matter of cloth or wood or other dirt. But a corpse that was buried in its covering or in a wooden ark or in dust, has no decayed matter. And similarly, a corpse that was buried missing a limb has no decayed matter.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:5
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:1:5)

**הַשִּׁדְרָה וְהַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת.** אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶם בָּשָׂר מְטַמְּאִים בְּאֹהֶל, לְפִי שֶׁצּוּרַת אָדָם נִכֶּרֶת בָּהֶם, דִּכְתִיב בְּעֶצֶם אָדָם, עֶצֶם שֶׁנִּכָּר בּוֹ שֶׁהוּא שֶׁל אָדָם:


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:6
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:1:6)

**אֵבָר מִן הַמֵּת וְאֵבָר מִן הַחַי.** דִּכְתִיב (במדבר יט) בַּחֲלַל חֶרֶב אוֹ בְמֵת, אֵבָר שֶׁהִבְדִּילַתּוּ הַחֶרֶב מִן הַחַי הֲרֵי הוּא כְמֵת:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
אבר מן המת ואבר מן החי – as it is written (Numbers 19:16): “[And in the open, anyone who touches a person who was killed or who died naturally,” a limb that the sword separated from the living is like the corpse.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:7
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:7](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:1:7)

**וְרֹבַע עֲצָמוֹת.** רֹבַע הַקַּב שֶׁל עֲצָמוֹת:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
ורובע עצמות – one quarter of a Kab (i.e., 24 egg-bulks) of bones.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:8
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:8](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:1:8)

**מֵרֹב הַמִּנְיָן אוֹ מֵרֹב הַבִּנְיָן.** רַבּוֹתַי פֵרְשׁוּ, שֶׁהֵן מֻעָטִין מִהְיוֹת בָּהֶן רֹב מִנְיָן וְרֹב בִּנְיָן, דְּאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶן לֹא רֹב הַמִּנְיָן וְלֹא רֹב הַבִּנְיָן מְטַמְּאִין:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
מרוב המנין או מרוב הבנין – My Rabbis/Teachers explained, that they are small/minute from having in them the majority of the number [of bones] and/or the majority of the frame, for even though that they don’t have the majority of the number [of bones] nor the majority of the frame, they defile.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:9
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:1:9](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:1:9)

**וְרֹב בִּנְיָנוֹ וְרֹב מִנְיָנוֹ.** רֹב בִּנְיַן הַגּוּף, אוֹ רֹב מִנְיַן הָעֲצָמוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רֹב בִּנְיַן הַגּוּף, מְטַמְּאִין, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בָּהֶן רֹבַע. וְרֹב בִּנְיָנוֹ, כְּגוֹן הַשּׁוֹקַיִם וְהַיְרֵכַיִם וְהַצְּלָעוֹת [וְהַשִּׁדְרָה]. וְרֹב מִנְיָנוֹ, כְּגוֹן רָאשֵׁי אֶצְבְּעוֹת הַיָּדַיִם וְהָרַגְלַיִם וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ מֵאָה עֶשְׂרִים וַחֲמִשָּׁה אֵבָרִים, מְטַמְּאִים:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
ורוב בנינו ורוב מנינו (the greater portion of a corpse as to the size of limbs and the greater number of joints/limbs)– the majority of the frame of the body, or the majority of the number of the bones even though it is not the majority of the frame of the body, they defile, and even though there isn’t a quarter [of a Kab] in them. And the majority of the frame, such as the legs and the thighs/haunches, and the ribs [and the spine]. And the greater number of joints/limbs, such as the tops of the fingers of the hands and the feet, and similar kinds of things to them, and provided that there will be one-hundred and twenty-five limbs, they defile.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:1
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:1)

**רְבִיעִית דָּם.** שֶׁיָּצָא כֻּלּוֹ לְאַחַר מִיתָה:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
רביעית דם (a quarter-LOG of blood) – that all of it left [the body] after death.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:2
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:2)

**וּרְבִיעִית דַּם תְּבוּסָה.** שֶׁיָּצָא מִקְצָת רְבִיעִית מֵחַיִּים וּמִקְצָת לְאַחַר מִיתָה. וּלְקַמָּן בְּפֶרֶק ג'‏ [מִשְׁנָה ה'] מְפָרֵשׁ לַהּ:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
ורביעית דם תבוסה (a quarter LOG of blood that flows from a person at the time of his death or afterwards – which has the status of a corpse) – that part of a quarter [of a LOG] of blood while living and after death. And further ahead in Chapter 3 [Mishnah 5], it explains this.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:3
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:3)

**תְּבוּסָה.** לְשׁוֹן מִתְבּוֹסֶסֶת בְּדָמָיִךְ (יחזקאל טז). וּרְבִיעִית דָּם שֶׁיָּצָא כֻלּוֹ לְאַחַר מִיתָה, דְּאוֹרַיְתָא, דִּכְתִיב בְּמֵת בְּנֶפֶשׁ. אֲבָל דַּם תְּבוּסָה אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא מִדְּרַבָּנָן. וְתָנֵי דְּאוֹרַיְתָא וְתָנֵי דְרַבָּנָן:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
תבוסה – it is the language of (Ezekiel 16:6): “[When I passed by you and saw you] wallowing in your blood, [I said to you: [Live in spite of your blood’].” And the quarter [of a LOG] of blood all of which exited [the body] after death, is from the Rabbis, as it is written (Numbers 19:13): “[Whoever touches] a corpse, the body of person who has died.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:4
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:4)

**מִמֵּת אֶחָד.** וְלֹא מִשְּׁנֵי מֵתִים. קָסָבְרֵי רַבָּנָן יֵשׁ אֵם לַמָּסֹרֶת וְעַל כָּל נַפְשׁוֹת מֵת לֹא יָבֹא (ויקרא כא), נַפְשֹׁת כְּתִיב חָסֵר:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
But [the concept] of דם תבוסה/that part of a quarter [of a LOG] that flows from a person at the time of his death or afterwards. For the Rabbis hold that there is "יש אם למסורת" /the consonantal text of the Torah is authoritative [when looking at Leviticus 21:11): "ועל כל נפשות מת לא יבא"/He shall not go in where there is any dead body,” [the word] נפשת/dead, is written defectively (i.e., without the letter “Vav” In it).


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:5
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:5)

**רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר מִשְּׁנֵי מֵתִים.** חֲצִי רְבִיעִית מִמֵּת זֶה וַחֲצִי רְבִיעִית מִמֵּת אַחֵר, מְטַמֵּא בְּאֹהֶל. דְּסָבַר יֵשׁ אֵם לַמִּקְרָא, נַפְשׁוֹת מֵת, מַשְׁמַע שְׁתֵּי נְפָשׁוֹת וְשִׁעוּר אֶחָד, מִדְּלֹא קָאָמַר נַפְשׁוֹת מֵתִים. וְאֵין הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
רבי עקיבא אומר משני מתים – one-half of a quarter [of a LOG of blood] from this dead person and one-half of a quarter [of a LOG of blood] from another dead person, defiles in the tent, for he (i.e., Rabbi Akiba) holds, "יש אם למקרא"/the vocalized text of the Torah is authoritative, [as the Biblical verse from Leviticus 21:11) is pronounced: "נפשות מת"/any dead body, implying two souls and one measurement, for since it does not state [in Scripture] "נפשות מתים"/dead bodies. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Akiba.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:6
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:6)

**רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר כָּל שֶׁהוּא.** כְּשֵׁם שֶׁטָּמֵא בָּעֲצָמוֹת רֹב מִנְיָן וְרֹב בִּנְיָן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ רֹבַע הַקַּב שֶׁהוּא שִׁעוּר הַמְיֻחָד לָעֲצָמוֹת, כָּךְ טָמֵא בְדָם הַקָּטָן שֶׁיָּצָא כֻלּוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ רְבִיעִית שֶׁהוּא שִׁעוּר הַמְיֻחָד לַדָּם:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
ר' עקיבא אומר כל שהוא – just bones defile with the majority of the number of bones and the majority of the frame, even though one-quarter of a Kab which is the designated measurement for bones, so also, it is defiled if the blood of minor – all of which exited the body, even though it doesn’t have the quarter [of a LOG] which the designated measure for blood.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:7
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:7](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:7)

**וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים רְבִיעִית.** אִם אָמַרְתָּ בָּעֲצָמוֹת שֶׁבְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ לְפָנֶיךָ, תֹּאמַר בַּדָּם שֶׁאֲנִי אוֹמֵר נִשְׁתַּיְּרָה מִמֶּנָּה טִפָּה כָּל שֶׁהִיא וְלֹא יָצָא כֻלּוֹ. וַהֲלָכָה כַּחֲכָמִים:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
וחכמים אומרים רביעית – if you were to say that with the bones that it is known that all of them are in front of you, shall you say regarding the blood that I state that there remains a drop of any amount and that not all of it has come out? But the Halakha is according to the Sages.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:8
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:8](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:8)

**כַּזַּיִת רִמָּה.** שֶׁנּוֹלְדָה בִּבְשַׂר הַמֵּת:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
כזית רמה –[a olive’s bulk of a worm] that was born in the flesh of the corpse.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:9
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:9](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:9)

**מְטַמֵּא כִבְשָׂרוֹ.** דְּרִמָּה הַיּוֹצְאָה מִן הַמֵּת אֲפִלּוּ חַיָּה, כִּבְשַׂר הַמֵּת הִיא חֲשׁוּבָה, מִשּׁוּם דְּאָדָם מֵחַיִּים אִקְּרֵי רִמָּה, דִּכְתִיב (איוב כח) אַף כִּי אֱנוֹשׁ רִמָּה:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
מטמא כבשרו – that a room that comes out from the corpse even while living, is considered to be like the flesh of a corpse, because, a person while alive is called a worm, as it is written (Job 25:6): “How much less man, a worm, [the Son of man, a maggot].”


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:10
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:10](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:10)

**וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִים.** וַהֲלָכָה כַּחֲכָמִים:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
וחכמים מטהרים – And the Halakha is according to the Sages.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:11
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:11](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:11)

**אֵפֶר שְׂרוּפִים.** אָדָם שֶׁנִּשְׂרַף וְנַעֲשָׂה אֵפֶר וְלֹא נִתְעָרֵב בּוֹ מֵאֵפֶר עֵצִים,

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
אפר שרופים – a person that was burned and became ash, and the ash of wood was not combined in it.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:12
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:12](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:12)

**שִׁעוּרוֹ בְּרֹבַע.** קַב אֵפֶר, מְטַמֵּא:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
שעורו ברובע – [a quarter] of a Kab of ash, defiles.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:13
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:13](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:13)

**וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִים.** וַהֲלָכָה כַּחֲכָמִים:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
וחכמים מטהרי – And the Halakha is according to the Sages.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:14
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:14](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:14)

**עֲפַר קְבָרוֹת.** עָפָר שֶׁמְּעֹרָב בּוֹ דָּם וְלֵחָה שֶׁל מֵת. וּמְלֹא תַרְוָד וְעוֹד טָמֵא, לְפִי שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לִמְלֹא תַרְוָד וְעוֹד שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה בוֹ מְלֹא תַרְוַד רָקָב דְּאָמַר לְעֵיל שֶׁהוּא טָמֵא. וְהָכִי נַמִּי מַיְרֵי בְמֵת שֶׁנִּקְבַּר עָרֹם בְּאָרוֹן שֶׁל שַׁיִשׁ שֶׁאֵין עָפָר אַחֵר מְעֹרָב בּוֹ:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
עפר קברות – dirt that the blood and moistness of the corpse is mixed in. And a spoonful of dust and a bit more is impure, because it is impossible to fill a spoon and a bit more so that there would not be in it a spoonful (i.e., two handfuls) of the body of a corpse when its moisture has departed, that it stated above (i.e., in Mishnah 1 of this chapter) that this is impure, But here, it also speaks of a corpse that is buried naked in a marble coffin/bier which has other dirt mixed into it.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:15
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:15](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:15)

**רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מְטַהֵר.** וְאֵין הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
ר' שמעון מטהר – But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:16
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:2:16](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:2:16)

**אֵינוֹ חִבּוּר לְטֻמְאָה.** וְאִם הֶאֱהִיל עַל מִקְצָתוֹ אֵינוֹ כְאִלּוּ הֶאֱהִיל עַל כֻּלּוֹ. וְכֵן לְעִנְיַן מַגָּע:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
אימנו חיבור לטומהא – for if it had overshadowed over part of it, it is not as if it overshadowed over all of it. And similarly, regarding the matter of contact/touching.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:1
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:3:1)

**עֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה.** מְטַמֵּא בְמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא. דִּכְתִיב (במדבר יט) וְעַל הַנּוֹגֵעַ וְגוֹ', וְשָׁם לֹא נֶאֱמַר בְּעֶצֶם אָדָם. לְלַמֵּד עַל עֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה שֶׁמְּטַמֵּא בְמַגָּע אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִכָּר שֶׁהוּא שֶׁל אָדָם. אֲבָל בְּאֹהֶל, אָדָם כִּי יָמוּת בְּאֹהֶל כְּתִיב. וּבְעֶצֶם לְעִנְיַן טֻמְאַת אֹהֶל, בָּעִינַן שֶׁיְּהֵא נִכָּר שֶׁהוּא שֶׁל אָדָם, שֶׁהֲרֵי בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר הוּא אוֹמֵר בְּעֶצֶם אָדָם:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
עצם שעורה – defiles through contact and through carrying, as it is written (Numbers 19:18): “[A person who is clean shall take hyssop, dip it in the water, and sprinkle on the tent and on all the vessels and people who were there,] or on him who touched/ועל הנגע [the bones or the person who was killed or died naturally or the grave,” but there it does not state, "בעצם אדם"/human bone (as we find in Numbers 19:16). [This comes] to teach about the bone the size of a barleycorn that defiles through contact even though it is not recognized that it of a human being. But in the tent, it is written (Numbers 19:14): “When a person dies in a tent,” and with regard to a bone for the matter of defilement through overshadowing in a tent, we require that it is recognized that it (i.e., the bone) is of a human being, for in another place (Numbers 19:16) it (i.e., the Torah) states, “or human bone”/או-בעצם אדם.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:2
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:3:2)

**וְאֶרֶץ הָעַמִּים.** כָּל חוּץ לָאָרֶץ קָרֵי אֶרֶץ הָעַמִּים. וְהָכָא מַיְרֵי בְגוּשׁ עָפָר שֶׁבָּא מִחוּץ לָאָרֶץ שֶׁהוּא מְטַמֵּא בְמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא וְאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא בְאֹהֶל. אֲבָל הַנִּכְנָס לְאֶרֶץ הָעַמִּים, אֲפִלּוּ לֹא נָגַע וְלֹא נָשָׂא, כְּגוֹן שֶׁהָיָה רוֹכֵב עַל סוּס, טָמֵא, דְּעַל אֲוִירָה שֶׁל אֶרֶץ הָעַמִּים נַמִּי גָזְרוּ:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
וארץ העמים – Everything that is outside of the Land [of Israel] is called ארץ העמים/the land of the nations [which is ritually impure]. And here we are speaking of a clod/lump of dust that comes from outside the Land which defiles through contact and through carrying but does not defile though overshadowing in a tent. But a person who enters the land of the nations, even if he did not touch nor carry anything, as for example, that he was riding upon a horse, is impure, but on the airspace of the land of the nations they (i.e., the Rabbis) also decreed.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:3
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:3:3)

**בֵּית הַפְּרָס.** שָׂדֶה שֶׁנֶּחֱרַשׁ בָּהּ קֶבֶר וְנִשְׁבְּרוּ עַצְמוֹת הַמֵּת וְנָדוֹשׁוּ בַעֲפַר אוֹתוֹ שָׂדֶה. וּפְרָס מִלְּשׁוֹן פְּרוּסָה. הֲלֹא פָּרֹס לָרָעֵב לַחְמֶךָ (ישעיה נח):

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
בית הפרס (area in which uncertainty exists concerning the location of a grave or a corpse) – a field in which a grave was plowed and the bones of the corpse were broken and threshed in the dirt of that field. [And the word] פרס from the language of פרוסה/a broken piece (Isaiah 58:7): “It is to share your bread with the hungry.”


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:4
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:3:4)

**כַּמָּה הוּא חֶסְרוֹן בַּשִּׁדְרָה.** וְלֹא יְטַמֵּא בְאֹהֶל, אֶלָּא בְמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
כמה חסרון בשדרה (how much is a sufficient lack in the backbone) -that it will not be defiled [through overshadowing] in the tent, but rather through contact and through carrying.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:5
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:3:5)

**כִּמְלֹא מַקְדֵּחַ.** מְלֹא רֹחַב הַנֶּקֶב שֶׁנּוֹקְבִין בְּמַרְצֵעַ:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
כמלא מקדח (as large as the hole made with the large carpenters’ borer/drill) – as wide as the incision that they make with an awl.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:6
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:3:6)

**כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּנָּטֵל מִן הַחַי וְיָמוּת.** וְשִׁעֲרוּ חֲכָמִים בְּחֶסְרוֹן כְּסֶלַע:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
כדי שינטל מן החי וימות – and the Sages estimated the loss as equivalent to a Sela.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:7
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:7](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:3:7)

**בַּקָּטָן שֶׁל רוֹפְאִים.** בְּמַרְצֵעַ קָטָן שֶׁהָרוֹפְאִים פּוֹתְחִים בּוֹ הַנְּגָעִים:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
בקטן של רופאים – with a small awl that the doctors open up the wounds.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:8
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:3:8](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:3:8)

**בַּגָּדוֹל שֶׁל לִשְׁכָּה.** וְשִׁעֲרוּ חֲכָמִים שֶׁהוּא נֶקֶב כְּפוּנְדְיוֹן:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
בגדול של לשכה (concerning the large one of the chamber) – that the Sages estimated as an incision like the size of a Pundiyon.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:1
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:4:1)

**הַגּוֹלֵל.** אֶבֶן גְּדוֹלָה וּרְחָבָה שֶׁסּוֹתְמִים בָּהּ פִּי הַקֶּבֶר מִלְּמַעְלָה. מִלְּשׁוֹן וְגָלֲלוּ אֶת הָאֶבֶן (בראשית כט):

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
הגולל (the stone placed on top of a burial cave/top-stone) – a large and wide stone that they seal/stop up the mouth of the grave from above. [This is] from the language of (Genesis 29:3): “[When the flocks were gathered there,] the stone would be rolled [from the mouth of the well and the sheep watered.]”


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:2
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:4:2)

**וְהַדּוֹפֵק.** שְׁתֵּי אֲבָנִים גְּדוֹלוֹת אַחַת מִצַּד זֶה וְאַחַת מִצַּד זֶה שֶׁהַגּוֹלֵל נִשְׁעָן עֲלֵיהֶן:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
דופק (the frame supporting the movable stone of a tomb -against which the turning body knocks) -two large stones, one from this side and the another from the other side, so that the stone placed on top of a burial cave rests upon them.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:3
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:4:3)

**מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַגָּע וּבְאֹהֶל.** דִּכְתִיב (במדבר יט) וְעַל הַנּוֹגֵעַ בָּעֶצֶם אוֹ בֶחָלָל אוֹ בַמֵּת אוֹ בַקָּבֶר, מַה מֵּת מְטַמֵּא בְמַגָּע וּבְאֹהֶל, אַף קֶבֶר מְטַמֵּא בְמַגָּע וּבְאֹהֶל:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
מטמאין במגע ובאהל – as it is written (Numbers 19:18): “or on him who touched the bones or the person who was killed or died naturally or the grave,” just as the corpse defiles through contact and through overshadowing in a tent, even the grave defiles through contact and through overshadowing in a tent.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:4
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:4:4)

**וְאֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַשָּׂא.** דְּדָרְשִׁינַן וְכָל אֲשֶׁר יִגַּע עַל פְּנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה (שם), לְרַבּוֹת גּוֹלֵל וְדוֹפֵק, וּכְתִיב וְכָל אֲשֶׁר יִגַּע, מִשּׁוּם מַגָּע הוּא מְטַמֵּא וְאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא מִשּׁוּם מַשָּׂא:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
ואינן מטמאין במשא that we expound (Numbers 19:16): “And in the open, anyone who touches a person,” to include the stone placed on top of the burial cave and the frame supporting the movable stone of a tomb (i.e., גולל ודופק), and it is written: (Numbers 19:16): “anyone who touches,” because of contact he defiles, but he does not defile because of carrying


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:5
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:4:5)

**אִם יֵשׁ תַּחְתֵּיהֶן עֲפַר קְבָרוֹת.** מְטַמֵּא כְּשֶׁמְּסִיטָן, מִשּׁוּם עָפָר הַנִּסָּט עִמָּהֶן דִּמְטַמֵּא בְּמַשָּׂא מִשּׁוּם תְּפוּסָה שֶׁל מֵת. וַהֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
אם יש תחתיהן עפר קברות – which defiles through movement, because of the dirt that is moved with them when it defiles through carrying, because of the holding of the corpse. And the Halakha is according to Rabbi Yehoshua.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:6
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:4:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:4:6)

**דּוֹפֵק דּוֹפְקִין.** אֵצֶל אֶבֶן הַדּוֹפֵק מַנִּיחִין לִפְעָמִים אֶבֶן אַחֶרֶת לְהַחֲזִיקָהּ וְאֵין הַגּוֹלֵל נִשְׁעָן עָלֶיהָ, וְהִיא נִקְרֵאת דּוֹפֵק דּוֹפְקִין:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
דופק דופקין (but the frame supporting the frame stones) – near the frame supporting the movable stone of a tomb, they sometimes place another stone to support it and the stone placed on top of the burial cave is not leaning upon it, and this called דופק דופקין/the buttress/frame stone of buttressing stones.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:5:1
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:5:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:5:1)

**וְאֵלּוּ אִם חָסְרוּ טְהוֹרִים.** דְּלֵית בָּהֶן כַּשִּׁעוּר:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
ואלו אם חסרו טהורים – for they lack the according to the measurement.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:5:2
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:5:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:5:2)

**כַּזַּיִת מִן הַמֵּת.** שֶׁכֵּן הוּא תְחִלַּת יְצִירָתוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם, בְּכַזַּיִת:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
כזית מן המת – for such is the beginning of the creation of a human with an olive’s bulk.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:5:3
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:5:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:5:3)

**וּרְבִיעִית דָּם.** הוֹאִיל וּבִתְחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ שֶׁל קָטָן אֵין בּוֹ פָּחוֹת מֵרְבִיעִית דָּם:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
ורביעית דם – since but at the beginning of the creation of a minor, he has less than a quarter [of a LOG] of blood.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:5:4
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:5:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:5:4)

**וְאֵבָר מִן הַחַי שֶׁחָסַר עַצְמוֹ.** אֲפִלּוּ קוּלִית גְּדוֹלָה שֶׁחָסַר מִמֶּנָּה עֶצֶם כָּל שֶׁהוּא לֹא מְטַמֵּא מִשּׁוּם אֵבָר מִן הַחַי. אֲבָל אִם חָסַר מִבְּשָׂרוֹ, לְעוֹלָם הוּא מְטַמֵּא עַד שֶׁיֶּחֱסַר מִכְּדֵי לְהַעֲלוֹת אֲרוּכָה. וְאֵבָר מִן הַמֵּת, כַּזַּיִת בָּשָׂר הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ, טָמֵא. וְעֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה הַפּוֹרֵשׁ מִמֶּנּוּ נַמִּי טָמֵא:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
ואבר מן החי שחסר עצמו (the limb of a living person that is missing his bone) – even a marrow-bone/thigh-bone that is missing from him any part of it does not defile because a limb from a living being, but if is missing from his flesh, it always defiles until he is lacking enough to produce new flesh [on a healing wound]. But a limb from a corpse, is an olive-bulk’s worth of flesh that separates from him, is impure, and a wone like that of a barley-corn that separates from him is also impure.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:6:1
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:6:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:6:1)

**הַשִּׁדְרָה וְהַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת מִשְּׁנֵי מֵתִים.** חֲצִי חֻלְיוֹת הַשִּׁדְרָה מִמֵּת זֶה וַחֲצִי חֻלְיוֹת הַשִּׁדְרָה מִמֵּת אַחֵר. וְכֵן הַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
השדרה והגולגולת משני מתים – half of the vertebrae of the spine from this corpse and half of the vertebrae of the spine from another corpse, the skull.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:6:2
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:6:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:6:2)

**וְאֵבָר מִן הַחַי מִשְּׁנֵי אֲנָשִׁים.** חֲצִי אֵבָר נִתְלַשׁ מֵחַי זֶה וַחֲצִי אֵבָר כָּזֶה נִתְלַשׁ מֵחַי אַחֵר, וְנִרְאִין כְּאֵבָר אֶחָד:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
ואבר מן החי משני אנשים – half of a limb that is torn off from this living person and half of a limb that is torn off rom another living person, and they appear as one limb.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:6:3
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:6:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:6:3)

**וַחֲכָמִים מְטַהֲרִין.** מִטֻּמְאַת אֹהֶל. אֲבָל מְטַמְּאִין בְּמַגָּע וּבְמַשָּׂא מִשּׁוּם עֶצֶם כַּשְּׂעֹרָה. וַהֲלָכָה כַּחֲכָמִים:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
וחכמים מטהרין -from defilement by overshadowing in a tent. But they defile through contact and carrying because of a bone the size of a barleycorn. And the Halakha is according to the Sages.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:7:1
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:7:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:7:1)

**שֶׁנִּדַּקְדְּקוּ.** שֶׁנִּשְׁחֲקוּ. לְשׁוֹן וְשָׁחַקְתָּ מִמֶּנָּה הָדֵק (שמות ל):

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
שנדקדקו (that were crushed/powdered) – that were ground. It is the language of (Exodus 30:36): “Beat some of it into powder, [and put some before the Pact in the Tent of Meeting].”


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:7:2
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:7:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:7:2)

**רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מְטַהֵר.** מִכָּל טֻמְאָה. וְאֵינָם מְטַמְּאִין לֹא בְמַגָּע וְלֹא בְמַשָּׂא וְלֹא בְאֹהֶל:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
ר' שמעון מטהא – from all defilement. And they do not defile neither through contact nor through carrying nor through overshadowing in a tent.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:7:3
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:7:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:7:3)

**וַחֲכָמִים מְטַמְּאִין.** בִּשְׁלָשְׁתָּן, דְּהָא אִיכָּא רֹבַע:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
וחכמים מטמאין – with all of them [they defile], as there is a quarter [of a LOG].


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:7:4
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:7:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:7:4)

**אֵבָר מִן הַחַי שֶׁנֶּחֱלַק לִשְׁנַיִם טָהוֹר.** וַאֲפִלּוּ חָזַר וְחִבְּרוֹ. דְּאֵין חִבּוּרֵי אָדָם חִבּוּר:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
אבר מן החי שנחלק לשנים טהור – and even if he went back and reconnected them, but the connections of a man are not a connection/attachment.


###### Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:7:5
[Bartenura on Mishnah Oholot 2:7:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Bartenura%20on%20Mishnah%20Oholot/r/2:7:5)

**נִטַּל חֲצָאִים.** שֶׁנִּטַּל מִן הַחַי לַחֲצָאִים וְלֹא נִטַּל מִמֶּנּוּ אֵבָר שָׁלֵם כְּאֶחָד, דְּלֹא הֲוָה בֵּיהּ שִׁעוּרָא מֵעוֹלָם. וְאֵין הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי:

**Bartenura on Mishnah, trans. by Rabbi Robert Alpert, 2022:**
שניטל חצאים (if it was taken away by halves) – that it was taken from the living person by halves, but not taken from him a complete limb as one, for there was never a measurement for it. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yossi.