## Chizkuni, Deuteronomy

###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:2:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:2:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:2:1)

**והלכה והיתה לאיש אחר**אפילו לא היה לו לאחרון בה אלא הויה בעלמא שנתארסה לו לא יוכל בעלה הראשון לשוב ולקחתה שהרי כתיב **והיתה**אבל אם לאחר שגרשה זנתה מותר לבעלה לשוב לקחתה כדמוכח בסוטה פרק היה מביא ומה אני מקיים אשר הטמאה לרבות אשה המזנה תחת בעלה שאסורה לו.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
והלכה והיתה לאיש אחר, “and she goes and has become someone else’s wife;” the wording implies that even if she had only become betrothed to another man and had not yet consummated this bond, her former husband must on no account take her back as his wife. The sages derive this from the passive: והיתה, “she has become some other man’s.” If, after having been divorced, this woman had engaged in sexual relationships with another man without having a legal marriage with him, even if she had been paid as a harlot for such a relationship, her former husband is allowed to remarry her. If that woman had been divorced because she had been guilty of adultery, her husband cannot remarry her even if she had not remarried or had not been intimate with any other man.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:3:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:3:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:3:1)

**[ושלחה מביתו**לשון שלוח].


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:4:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:4:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:4:1)

**אחרי אשר הטמאה**בשכבת זרע של בועל.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
אחרי אשר הטמאה, “she had been defiled.” This means that she had absorbed semen from her partner in sin.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:4:2
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:4:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:4:2)

**הטמאה**המ״‎ם בקמץ.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
הטמאה , The letter מ in that word has the vowel kametz.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:5:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:5:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:5:1)

**ולא יעבר עליו**קול כרוז לענשו ממון.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
ולא יעבור עליו, “and no summons to explain himself in the court applies to him;” he fill not be fined.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:5:2
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:5:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:5:2)

**לכל דבר**הלמ״‎ד דלכל יתירה היא.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
לכל דבר, “concerning serving in the army in any capacity;” the letter ל at the beginning of the word לכל, is superfluous. (Ibn Ezra)


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:5:3
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:5:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:5:3)

**נקי יהיה לביתו**ההיא דפרשת שופטים מיירי בשאירס אשה ולא לקחה והלך למלחמה שהולך לביתו הואיל והיה עם אחיו במלחמה ואח״‎כ חזר אינה היא המדה שיהיה שהוי בביתו מכל דבר ואחיו יהיו בצרת פחד המלחמה דין הוא שיתקן דרכים להולכים במלחמה ויספיק להם מים ומזון אבל הכא מיירי כגון שארס אשה ולקחה בנשואין שלא יצא במלחמה ולא יתקן להם דרכים ולא יספיק להם מים ומזון ולהכי איצטרכי קראי לרבות ביתו וכרמו כעין אשתו.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
נקי יהיה לביתו, this refers to the person discussed already in Deut: 20,6 i.e. someone whose bride was betrothed to him but the last stage in the marriage ceremonies, i.e. the chuppah, and the bride receiving her ring and a declaration by her groom that he married her and that the ring was the token of this, had not yet taken place. If he had reported for military duty, he is sent back home with orders to complete the marriage ceremonies. Once these have been completed, he is to devote the whole first year of his marriage to make life pleasant for his bride. We needed several extra words in the Torah to make clear that he is not subject to auxiliary duties not connected with actual service at the front where he would not be exposed to danger. For instance, he might have been required to repair damage to roads, etc., or to help with bringing food and drink to the soldiers serving at the front. The rules applying to this newly wed are identical to the rules applying to someone who had not yet moved into his new house, or had not yet harvested the fourth-year crop from his new vineyard.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:6:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:6:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:6:1)

**לא יחבל רחים**חסר תיבה אחת והוא כאילו כתוב לא יחבול החובל ד״‎א אדסליק מיניה קאי אחר שנתן לו רשות להשאר בביתו יהא נזהר ש**לא יחבל רחים ורכב**של יוצאי צבא כי נפשם הוא חובל כי מה יעשו זולתם במלחמה.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
לא יחבול ריחים, “A creditor is not to take as a pledge for an overdue loan the upper millstone;” although the word: “creditor,” did not appear in this verse it is clear that the creditor is the subject in this legislation. An alternate interpretation: The verse addresses itself to the creditor, who normally is not even allowed into the house of the debtor, seeing that such pledges are taken by the court’s messenger in order to preserve the self respect of the debtor. In this instance, the creditor was allowed into the debtor’s house to look for a suitable pledge.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:6:2
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:6:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:6:2)

**רחים ורכב**לא זו ולא זו בלבד אלא כל דבר שהוא כלי אמנתו.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
The Torah warns him not to take something which is essential for the debtor to earn his livelihood.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:6:3
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:6:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:6:3)

**[לא יחבל רחים ורכב**שאסור למשכן את אשתו]. רחים אינם נכתבים אלא בלשון רבים דוגמא שמים מים חיים פנים מלקחים מעים **[כי נפש הוא חבל**חיי נפש].

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
ריחים, this is one of a number of words (nouns) that always appear in the plural mode; some others are: ,שמים מים, חיים, פנים, מלקחים, מעים. (Seeing that the lower millstone is anchored to the ground, only the upper one could serve as a pledge. Ed.)


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:7:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:7:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:7:1)

**כי ימצא איש גנב נפש**למה נאמר לפי שנאמר להלן וגונב איש וגו׳‎ שומע אני אפילו בן שמונה במשמע ת״‎ל מאחיו אינו חייב עד שיגנוב בן קיימא.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
כי ימצא איש גונב נפש, “when a man is found having kidnapped a person, etc.;” why has this verse been repeated seeing that it has been written already in Exodus 21,16? (In Exodus nothing is mentioned about the nationality of the kidnapped person. Here the circumstances are defined more clearly, i.e. from among his brethren, i.e. excluding gentiles and even Edomites, i.e. descendants of Yitzchok who elsewhere were addressed even by Moses as “brother.”(Numbers 20,14). An alternate interpretation: Ed.) if we had only heard about the first verse dealing with this subject, I might have thought that even an eight day old baby is included in the legislation, i.e. if such a young baby had been kidnapped. (Sifri, as elaborated on by Malbim) The Torah in our verse therefore adds the word מאחיו, “from among his brethren,” meaning that a baby under 30 days old is not included, as we are not sure yet that he is healthy enough to grow up to be a man.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:7:2
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:7:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:7:2)

**מאחיו מבני ישראל**הוסיף עוד מבני ישראל להוציא אדום שנקרא אח, עונש שמענו אזהרה מנין ת״‎ל לא תגנב.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
מאחיו מבני ישראל, “from among his brethren the Children of Israel.” The words: מבני ישראל, are intended to exclude a Jew kidnapping an Edomite (even though Moses addressed the Edomites (who descended from Isaac) as “brothers”. (Numbers 20,14.) The death penalty does not apply in that case. Where do we find the verse in which kidnapping is forbidden as a crime? See Exodus 20,13 in the Ten Commandments, לא תגנוב, “do not steal!”


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:8:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:8:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:8:1)

**השמר בנגע הצרעת**שלא תהדר פני גדול לפטור מלשלחו חוץ לשלש מחנות שהרי זכור את אשר עשה ה׳‎ אלוקיך למרים שהיתה אחות למלך וכהן גדול ואעפ״‎כ נסגרה חוץ למחנה שבעת ימים.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
השמר בנגע הצרעת, “be most careful with the plague known as tzoraat;” Do not give honor to someone who is great to exempt him from being sent outside of the three camps. Remember what Hashem, your God, did to Miriam, who was the sister of the king and the sister of the *Kohein Godol*, and even so was quarantined outside the camp for seven days.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:10:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:10:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:10:1)

**כי תשה ברעך**כבר נאמרה מצוה זו אם כסף תלוה את עמי ונשנית כאן בשביל בחוץ תעמוד וגו׳‎ וללמד על בעל חוב שדינו בזבורית.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
כי תשה ברעך, “when you lend your neighbour something;” what follows has also been written before in Exodus 22,24; the reason it has been repeated here is that Moses added the warning to the creditor that when requesting a pledge as security for this loan (which is overdue) he must not enter the home of the debtor; it also teaches that when the debtor is unable to repay the loan in cash and the debtor owns land of different qualities, the creditor may only demand repayment from the lowest grade of soil owned by the debtor.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:10:2
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:10:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:10:2)

**משאת מאומה**לרבות שכר שכיר והקפת חנות.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
משאת מאומה, ”any kind of loan;” even the wages owed the debtor as day labourer, or his credit at the store where he buys his groceries. (Sifri)


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:10:3
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:10:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:10:3)

**משאת**אל״‎ף כתיב ולא קרי.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
משאת, the letter א in this word is not heard when reading the Torah in public.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:10:4
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:10:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:10:4)

**לא תבא אל ביתו**שמא יש בו דבר של צניעות.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
לא תבא אל ביתו, “you, the creditor, must not enter his (the debtor’s) house when requesting the pledge or the payment. The reason may be that to preserve the sense of privacy, i.e. chastity of the people dwelling inside.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:11:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:11:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:11:1)

**[בחוץ תעמד והאיש, יוציא**ע״‎י שליח בי״‎ד].


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:11:2
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:11:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:11:2)

**יוציא אליך**מכאן לבעל חוב שדינו בזבורית שהרי דרכו של ב״‎ה להוציא פחות שבכלים.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
יוציא אליך “the debtor is to bring it to you while you are waiting outside.” From these words we learn that the debtor may bring inferior items as pledge, as unless forced, it is natural for him to tender his least valuable possession. (Talmud, tractate Gittin, folio 50)


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:11:3
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:11:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:11:3)

**העבוט החוצה**לאו דוקא דבר המטלטל דה״‎ה דמצי להעמידו על פחות שבקרקעותיו.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
העבוט החוצה, “the pledge to the outside.” The pledge does not have to be something portable as suggested by these words.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:12:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:12:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:12:1)

**ואם איש**לרבות עשיר אם כן למה נאמר **עני**לומר לך ממהר אני להפרע על ידי עני יותר מע״‎י עשיר.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
ואם איש עני הוא, “and if the debtor is a poor man;” what follows does not only apply to a poor man, but the Torah used this example as it applies mostly to poor people. The temptation of the creditor to take a pledge from the poor debtor before he will have nothing left to pledge, while he will wait for the rich debtor to repay the loan.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:13:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:13:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:13:1)

**ולך תהיה צדקה**שמחזירו לו כל שלושים יום ואחר שלושים יום מוכרו בב״‎ד ואם יותיר יחזיר לו.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
ולך יהיה צדקה, ”and it shall be accounted as a righteous act for you;” if you restore the pledge to that debtor every evening or every morning. If after thirty days of your doing this the debtor still has not paid up, the court will sell it and give the proceeds to the creditor. If it was sold for more than what was owed, the surplus is given back to the debtor. (Talmud, tractate Baba Metzia, folio 114a).


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:14:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:14:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:14:1)

**לא תעשק שכיר**כבר נאמר בפרשת קדושים ואהדריה בשביל **או מגרך.**

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
לא תעשוק שכיר, “do not oppress a hired hand.” This has also been written already in Leviticus 19,13, but has been repeated here to include the resident stranger.”


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:15:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:15:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:15:1)

**ביומו תתן שכרו**אחר גמר המלאכה אם הוא שכיר יום משלם לו כל הלילה ואם של לילה משלם לו כל היום וכן אמרו רבותינו שהרי כאן הוא אומר ולא תבוא עליו השמש ובמקום אחר הוא אומר לא תלין פעולת שכיר אתך עד בוקר.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
ביומו תתן שכרו, “you are to pay him his wages on the day that he has worked.” The wages become due as soon as he has completed the required number of hours. If he was hired to perform his work during daylight hours, he must be paid no later than sunrise of the following day; if he was hired perform his work during the night , he must be paid no later than sunset of that day. This we have learned in the Talmud tractate Baba Metzia folio 111. This is based on the Torah writing here: ולא תבא עליו השמש כי עני הוא, “(on the same day you are to pay him;) before the sun sets.” We also have another verse spelling out that the night must not pass before the labourer receives his pay for the previous day’s work. (Leviticus 19,13)


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:15:2
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:15:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:15:2)

**כי עני הוא**אם הוא עני.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
כי עני הוא. Especially if he is a poor person.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:15:3
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:15:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:15:3)

**ואליו הוא נשא את נפשו**מתאוה את נפשו כמו אליך ה׳‎ נפשי אשא.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
ואליו הוא נושא את נפשו, “for he has depended on being paid on time with all his heart.” We find this expression used in the same sense in Psalms 25,1: אליך ה' נפשי אשא, “to You My Lord I hope with all my soul.”


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:16:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:16:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:16:1)

**ובנים לא יומתו על אבות**בב״‎ד, כדכתיב ואת בני המכים לא המית ככתוב בתורת משה, אבל הקב״‎ה פוקד עון אבות על בנים כשהם אוחזים מעשים רעים של אבותם.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
ובנים לא יומתו על אבות, “and children must not be executed for the sins of the fathers.” The Torah addresses itself to the courts. We have an example of such a dilemma facing a court, in Kings II 14,6. King Amazzia was tempted to execute the children of the assassins of his father, but the Bible compliments him for resisting this temptation by obeying the warning in our verse not to do so. While human courts are not permitted to do this, the Lord, Who knows what is in our minds at all times, is permitted to do so as when He does so, He does so because it is in the best interest of those who are treated thus. (Compare Exodus 20,5) Basically, whenever G-d does so, He had waited for generations for the new generations to become better than their fathers and grandfathers. None of these children and grandchildren would ever have been born if G-d had punished their sinful parents and grandparents, instead of extending His mercy for two more generations. They are therefore being punished for their own sins, not for the sins of their parents. (Talmud, tractate Sanhedrin 27.)


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:17:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:17:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:17:1)

**ולא תחבל בגד אלמנה**אפילו עשירה ואפילו להחזיר לה לפי שהיא יחידה פן יבא הדבר לידי עבירה.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
ולא תחבול בגד אלמנה, “and you are not to take (as a pledge for an overdue loan) the garment of a widow.” You may not even take the garment of a wealthy widow as a pledge, even if you give it back to her, for she is single and this may lead to sexual impropriety.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:18:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:18:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:18:1)

**וזכרת כי עבד היית**כשתזכור בעצמך שהיית עבד כבר וצריך לאחרים תרחם על גר יתום ואלמנה ולא תטה משפט.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
וזכרת כי עבד היית, “you shall remember that you used to be a slave in Egypt.” The Lord liberated you from that sorry state by having mercy on you. You should have learned from this to have mercy on your less fortunate neighbours. Do not ever exploit their misfortune by treating them unfairly.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:19:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:19:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:19:1)

**לגר ליתום ולאלמנה יהיה למען יברכך**ולא תהיה חסר בכך כלום.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
לגר, ליתום, ולאלמנה יהיה, למען יברכך ה, “(these sheaves the owner appears to have forgotten) are rightfully the stranger’s, the orphan’s and the widow’s, in order that the Lord will bless you (also in the future).” You will not be deprived of anything by not going back to pick up what you left behind by mistake.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:20:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:20:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:20:1)

**לא תפאר**לשון פארות.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
לא תפאר, “do not go over the boughs again,” (to look for something you had not noticed the first time.) (According to Ibn Ezra, we find the word פארות in Ezekiel 17,6: where it means “branches pointing upwards” which would eventually bear fruit. [If so, our verse would instruct the owner of the orchard not to harvest every last branch so that in the next year the tree would have difficulty in regenerating itself. Ed.]


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:20:2
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:20:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:20:2)

**[לא תפאר**ענינו לקיחת הפאר, ההפך מפארך חבוש התקן הפאר].


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:21:1
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:21:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:21:1)

**כי תבצר כרמך**חז״‎ק, זה קשה אמאי שנאו. וא״‎ת שנאו בשביל **אחריך**הא ליתא דהא קים לן אפי׳‎ לפניו מוזהר על עוללות.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
כי תבצור כרמך, “when you gather the grapes of your vineyard, etc.;” why did this verse have to be written, seeing that we have a similar verse already in Leviticus 19,10? If you were to say that the word אחריך, “after you,” is new here, i.e. that the prohibition applies only to grapes the farmer has left behind him, this is not so, as we have learned in the Mishnah in Peah 7,4 that these types of grapes known as ollelot, prematurely fallen grapes, may not be picked up by the farmer even if they are in front of him.


###### Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:21:2
[Chizkuni, Deuteronomy 24:21:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Chizkuni/s/Deuteronomy/r/24:21:2)

**לא תעולל**פרש״‎י איזו היא עוללות כל שאין לה לא כתף ולא נטף כו׳‎ כתף פסיגין זה על גב זה פי׳‎ כמין אשכלות קטנות יוצאות מצדיה וזו יחידה שאין לה כתפות חוברות לה ואין נמצאות רק מעט, נטף אלו התלויות בשדרה ויורדות פירוש שהגרגרים רצופים ונוטפים למטה ושל זו מפוזרים ואינם תכופים זה לזה.

**Chizkuni, translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk:**
עוללות, Rashi explains that grapes known as ollelot have no shoulder and are not shaped like drops. [The Talmud goes into greater detail, explaining which kind of grapes the farmer must not keep for himself. Ed.]