## Ketubot Daf 15b

###### Ketubot 15b:1
[Ketubot 15b:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:1)

מָצָא בָּהּ תִּינוֹק מוּשְׁלָךְ, אִם רוֹב גּוֹיִם — גּוֹי. אִם רוֹב יִשְׂרָאֵל — יִשְׂרָאֵל. מֶחֱצָה עַל מֶחֱצָה — יִשְׂרָאֵל.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
If there is a city in which both Jews and gentiles reside, and **one found** an unidentified, **abandoned baby in** the city, **if** there is a **majority of gentiles** in the city the baby is deemed **a gentile; if** there is a **majority of Jews** in the city the baby is deemed **a Jew.** If **half** the population is gentile and **half** Jewish, the baby is deemed **a Jew.**


###### Ketubot 15b:2
[Ketubot 15b:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:2)

וְאָמַר רַב: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא לְהַחְיוֹתוֹ, אֲבָל לְיוּחֲסִין — לֹא. וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: לְפַקֵּחַ עָלָיו אֶת הַגַּל.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**And Rav said** with regard to this mishna: The Sages **taught** that if there is a majority of Jews in the city the baby is deemed a Jew **only** with regard **to sustaining him; however,** with regard **to lineage,** e.g., marrying him to a Jewish woman, **no,** he is not deemed a Jew based on the majority and would require conversion. **And Shmuel said:** It was taught that he is deemed a Jew in order **to create an opening** in **a heap** of debris **on his** behalf on Shabbat, i.e., desecrating Shabbat in order to save his life. Apparently, contrary to the ruling of Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi, Rav holds that a single majority is insufficient to deem him Jewish in matters of lineage.


###### Ketubot 15b:3
[Ketubot 15b:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:3)

אִשְׁתְּמִיטְתֵּיהּ הָא דְּאָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: בִּקְרוֹנוֹת שֶׁל צִפּוֹרִי הֲוָה מַעֲשֶׂה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara answers: Rav Yirmeya **overlooked that which Rav Yehuda said** that **Rav said** with regard to the mishna: The **incident** of the rape of the young girl transpired **among the wagons** in the marketplace **of Tzippori,** and there were two majorities; the majority of the inhabitants of the city and the majority of the passing contingent. Therefore, when Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi ruled that the *halakha* is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, i.e., that the young girl may marry a priest, it was in a case of two majorities.


###### Ketubot 15b:4
[Ketubot 15b:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:4)

וּלְרַב חָנָן בַּר רָבָא, דְּאָמַר: הוֹרָאַת שָׁעָה הָיְתָה, קַשְׁיָא הָא? מַאן דְּמַתְנֵי הָא, לָא מַתְנֵי הָא.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **And** if the case in the mishna is one of two majorities, according **to Rav Ḥanan bar Rava who said** in the name of Rav: **That was a provisional edict** issued in exigent circumstances, meaning that two majorities were required in that case but typically one majority is sufficient, it is **difficult.** Didn’t Rav say that in matters of lineage one majority is insufficient? The Gemara answers: **That** is not difficult. **The one who teaches this,** that the ruling in our mishna was a provisional edict, **does not teach that** statement that Rav Yehuda said that Rav said that the incident took place among the wagons in the marketplace of Tzippori. Rather, he holds that there was a single majority and nevertheless, due to exigent circumstances, the girl was permitted to marry into the priesthood, although generally two majorities are required in cases of lineage.


###### Ketubot 15b:5
[Ketubot 15b:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:5)

גּוּפַהּ: מָצָא בָּהּ תִּינוֹק מוּשְׁלָךְ, אִם רוֹב גּוֹיִם — גּוֹי, אִם רוֹב יִשְׂרָאֵל — יִשְׂרָאֵל, מֶחֱצָה עַל מֶחֱצָה — יִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמַר רַב: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא לְהַחְיוֹתוֹ, אֲבָל לְיוּחֲסִין — לֹא. וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: לְפַקֵּחַ עָלָיו אֶת הַגַּל.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ Apropos the case of the abandoned baby, the Gemara analyzes the matter **itself:** If there is a city in which both Jews and gentiles reside, and **one found** an unidentified, **abandoned baby in** the city, **if** there is a **majority of gentiles** in the city the baby is deemed **a gentile. If** there is a **majority of Jews** in the city the baby is deemed **a Jew.** If **half** the population is gentile and **half** Jewish, the baby is deemed **a Jew. Rav said:** The Sages **taught** that the baby is deemed a Jew **only** with regard **to sustaining him; however,** with regard **to lineage, no. And Shmuel said:** It was taught that he is deemed a Jew in order **to create an opening** in **a heap** of debris **on his** behalf on Shabbat.


###### Ketubot 15b:6
[Ketubot 15b:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:6)

וּמִי אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל הָכִי? וְהָאָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: אֵין הוֹלְכִין בְּפִיקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ אַחַר הָרוֹב! אֶלָּא כִּי אִיתְּמַר דִּשְׁמוּאֵל — אַרֵישָׁא אִתְּמַר: אִם רוֹב גּוֹיִם — גּוֹי, אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: וּלְפַקֵּחַ עָלָיו אֶת הַגַּל אֵינוֹ כֵּן.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **And did Shmuel say that? But didn’t Rav Yosef say** that **Rav Yehuda said** that **Shmuel said: One does not follow the majority in matters** involving **saving a life?** Even if there is the slightest concern that the life of a Jew may be in danger, one takes all steps necessary to save him, even on Shabbat. **Rather, when the statement of Shmuel was stated** with regard to saving a life **it was stated concerning the first clause** of the mishna: **If** there is a **majority of gentiles** in the city the baby is deemed **a gentile. Shmuel said: And** with regard **to creating an opening** in **a heap** of debris **on his** behalf **[*lefake’aḥ alav et hagal*]** on Shabbat, **that is not so.** Even if there is a gentile majority in the city, one does not follow the majority in cases involving the saving of a life.


###### Ketubot 15b:7
[Ketubot 15b:7](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:7)

אִם רוֹב גּוֹיִם — גּוֹי, לְמַאי הִלְכְתָא? אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: לְהַאֲכִילוֹ נְבֵילוֹת.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The mishna continues: **If** there is a **majority of gentiles** the baby is deemed **a gentile.** The Gemara asks: With regard **to what *halakha*** was this stated? **Rav Pappa said:** It was stated in order **to feed** the baby **animal carcasses,** i.e., non-kosher food.


###### Ketubot 15b:8
[Ketubot 15b:8](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:8)

אִם רוֹב יִשְׂרָאֵל — יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְמַאי הִלְכְתָא? אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: לְהַחְזִיר לוֹ אֲבֵידָה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
And it is taught in the mishna: **If** there is a **majority of Jews** the baby is deemed **a Jew.** The Gemara asks: With regard **to what *halakha*** was this stated? **Rav Pappa said:** It was stated in order **to return lost property to him,** as one is required to return lost property to a Jew.


###### Ketubot 15b:9
[Ketubot 15b:9](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:9)

מֶחֱצָה עַל מֶחֱצָה — יִשְׂרָאֵל, לְמַאי הִלְכְתָא? אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: לִנְזָקִין. הֵיכִי דָּמֵי? אִי נֵימָא דְּנַגְחֵיהּ תּוֹרָא דִידַן לְתוֹרָא דִידֵיהּ — לֵימָא לֵיהּ: אַיְיתִי רְאָיָה דְּיִשְׂרָאֵל אַתְּ וּשְׁקוֹל!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
And it is taught in the mishna: If **half** the population is gentile and **half** Jewish, the baby is deemed **a Jew.** The Gemara asks: With regard **to what *halakha*** was this stated? **Reish Lakish said:** It was stated with regard **to damages.** In terms of payment of damages, the courts judge him as a Jew. The Gemara asks: **What are the circumstances? If we say that our ox,** one belonging to a Jew, **gored his ox,** one belonging to a person of uncertain status, and he claims that he should be compensated for the damages as a Jew, **let the** owner of the ox that gored **say to him: Bring proof that you are a Jew, and take** payment. Due to the uncertainty surrounding his status, he is unable to produce any proof.


###### Ketubot 15b:10
[Ketubot 15b:10](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:10)

לָא צְרִיכָא: דְּנַגְחֵיהּ תּוֹרָא דִידֵיהּ לְתוֹרָא דִידַן, פַּלְגָא מְשַׁלֵּם. וְאִידַּךְ פַּלְגָא — אָמַר לְהוּ: אַיְיתֵי רְאָיָה דְּלָאו יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲנָא, וְאֶתֵּן לְכוֹן.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
Rather, this *halakha* is **necessary only** in a case **where his ox gored our ox,** one belonging to a Jew. In that case, there is no question that **he pays half** the damage, which is the payment when an innocuous ox belonging to a Jew gores an ox belonging to a Jew. **And** with regard to **the other half,** which the owner of the gored ox is claiming, asserting that this person of uncertain status is a gentile and therefore liable to pay full damages, the owner of the ox that gored can **say to** the claimants: **Bring proof that I am not a Jew and I will give you** payment of the other half of the damages. It is with regard to that case that Reish Lakish ruled that in a case of uncertainty, the baby has the presumptive status of a Jew, and it is incumbent upon the claimant to prove otherwise.


###### Ketubot 15b:11
[Ketubot 15b:11](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:11)

**הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ בְּתוּלָה נִשֵּׂאת**


###### Ketubot 15b:12
[Ketubot 15b:12](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:12)

**הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁנִּתְאַרְמְלָה** אוֹ שֶׁנִּתְגָּרְשָׁה. הִיא אוֹמֶרֶת: בְּתוּלָה נְשָׂאתַנִי, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר: לֹא כִּי, אֶלָּא אַלְמָנָה נְשָׂאתִיךְ. אִם יֵשׁ עֵדִים שֶׁיָּצָאת בְּהִינוּמָא וְרֹאשָׁהּ פָּרוּעַ — כְּתוּבָּתָהּ מָאתַיִם. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן בְּרוֹקָה אוֹמֵר: אַף חִילּוּק קְלָיוֹת רְאָיָה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**MISHNA:** With regard to **a woman who was widowed or divorced,** and is now claiming payment of her marriage contract that is not before the court, and **she says: You married me** as **a virgin,** who is entitled to two hundred dinars, **and he says: No; rather, I married you** as **a widow,** who is entitled to one hundred dinars, then, **if there are witnesses that she went out** of her father’s house to her wedding **with a *hinnuma* or** with **her hair uncovered,** in a manner typical of virgins, payment of **her marriage contract is two hundred** dinars. **Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka says: Even** testimony that there was **distribution of roasted grain,** which was customary at weddings of virgins, constitutes **proof** that she is a virgin.


###### Ketubot 15b:13
[Ketubot 15b:13](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Ketubot/r/15b:13)

וּמוֹדֶה רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵירוֹ: שָׂדֶה זוֹ שֶׁל אָבִיךָ הָיְתָה וּלְקַחְתִּיהָ הֵימֶנּוּ, שֶׁהוּא נֶאֱמָן,

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
Several disputes between Rabban Gamliel and Rabbi Yehoshua were cited previously with regard to the credibility accorded to the respective claims of parties to a dispute. Based on one of those disputes, the *tanna* adds: **And Rabbi Yehoshua concedes in** a case where **one says to another: This field,** which is currently in my possession, **belonged to your father and I purchased it from him, that he is deemed credible,** and his entire claim is accepted. The court accepts not only his admission that it once belonged to the other’s father, but also his statement that he purchased it.