## Menachot Daf 77a

###### Menachot 77a:1
[Menachot 77a:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:1)

עֲשָׂרָה לְחָמֵץ – עִשָּׂרוֹן לְחַלָּה, וַעֲשָׂרָה לְמַצָּה – וּבְמַצָּה שָׁלֹשׁ מִינִין: חַלּוֹת, רְקִיקִין, וּרְבוּכָה. נִמְצְאוּ שְׁלֹשָׁה עֶשְׂרוֹנִים וּשְׁלִישׁ לְכׇל מִין וּמִין, וְשָׁלֹשׁ חַלּוֹת לְעִשָּׂרוֹן.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The mishna elaborates: There are **ten** tenths **for the** loaves of **leavened bread, a tenth** of an ephah **per loaf. And** there are **ten** tenths **for the** loaves of ***matza*. And among** the loaves of ***matza*** there are **three types: Loaves, wafers, and** those **poached in water,** ten loaves of each type. **Consequently,** there are **three-and-one-third tenths** of an ephah **for each and every type, three loaves per tenth** of an ephah.


###### Menachot 77a:2
[Menachot 77a:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:2)

וּבְמִדָּה יְרוּשַׁלְמִית הָיוּ שְׁלֹשִׁים קַב, חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר לְחָמֵץ וַחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר לְמַצָּה. חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר לְחָמֵץ – קַב וּמֶחֱצָה לְחַלָּה, חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר לְמַצָּה. וּבְמַצָּה שָׁלֹשׁ מִינִין: חַלּוֹת, וּרְקִיקִין, וּרְבוּכָה. נִמְצְאוּ חֲמֵשֶׁת קַבִּין לְכׇל מִין וּמִין, וּשְׁתֵּי חַלּוֹת לְקַב.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**And in the Jerusalem measure there were thirty *kav*, fifteen** *kav* **for** the loaves of **leavened bread and fifteen for** the loaves of ***matza*.** The mishna elaborates: There are **fifteen** *kav* **for** the loaves of **leavened bread, one and one-half *kav* per loaf.** And there are **fifteen** *kav* **for** the loaves of ***matza*. And among** the loaves of ***matza*** there are **three types: Loaves, wafers, and** those **poached in water. Consequently,** there are **five *kav* for each and every type, two loaves per *kav*.**


###### Menachot 77a:3
[Menachot 77a:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:3)

**גְּמָ׳** הַתּוֹדָה הָיְתָה בָּאָה חָמֵשׁ סְאִין יְרוּשַׁלְמִיּוֹת. מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי? אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: דְּאָמַר קְרָא ״הָאֵיפָה וְהַבַּת תֹּכֶן אֶחָד יִהְיֶה (לָכֶם)״. מָה בַּת שָׁלֹשׁ סְאִין, אַף אֵיפָה שָׁלֹשׁ סְאִין.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**GEMARA:** The mishna teaches: The flour for the loaves accompanying **the thanks offering would come** from a measure of **five Jerusalem *se’a*,** which are equivalent to six wilderness *se’a*. The *se’a* referred to in the Bible when the Jewish people were in the wilderness is smaller than the *se’a* used later in Jerusalem. This is equivalent to two ephahs, each ephah being three wilderness *se’a*. The Gemara asks: **From where are these matters,** i.e., that there are three *se’a* in an ephah, derived? **Rav Ḥisda said:** They are derived from a verse, **as the verse states: “The ephah and the *bat* shall be of one measure”** (Ezekiel 45:11). Therefore, **just as the *bat*,** a measure for liquids, is **three *se’a*, so too the ephah,** a measure for dry goods, **is three *se’a*.**


###### Menachot 77a:4
[Menachot 77a:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:4)

וּבַת גּוּפַהּ מְנָלַן? אִילֵּימָא מִדִּכְתִיב ״לָשֵׂאת (אֶת) מַעְשַׂר הַחֹמֶר הַבָּת״, אֵיפָה נָמֵי הָכְתִיב ״וַעֲשִׂירִית הַחֹמֶר הָאֵיפָה״! אֶלָּא חוֹמֶר לָא יָדַעְנָא כַּמָּה, הָכָא נָמֵי לָא יָדַעְנָא כַּמָּה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **And** as for **the *bat* itself, from where do we** derive its measure? **If we say** that we derive it **from** that **which is written** in the same verse: **“That the *bat* may contain the tenth-part of a *ḥomer*,”** and since one *ḥomer* consists of thirty *se’a*, one *bat* is equivalent to three *se’a*, there is a difficulty: With regard to **an ephah as well, isn’t it written** in the same verse: **“And the ephah the tenth-part of a *ḥomer*”?** Why, then, must the measure of an ephah be derived from that of a *bat*? **Rather, I do not know how much** the measure of **a *ḥomer*** is; consequently, when the verse states that the ephah is one-tenth of one *ḥomer*, this does not demonstrate the measure of the ephah. **Here too, I do not know how much** the measure of the *bat* is.


###### Menachot 77a:5
[Menachot 77a:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:5)

אֶלָּא מֵהָכָא: ״וְחֹק הַשֶּׁמֶן הַבַּת הַשֶּׁמֶן וּמַעְשַׂר הַבַּת מִן הַכּוֹר עֲשֶׂרֶת הַבַּתִּים חוֹמֶר כִּי עֲשֶׂרֶת הַבַּתִּים חוֹמֶר״.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rather,** derive the volume of the ephah **from here,** from a subsequent verse, where it is written with regard to separating *teruma*: **“And the set portion of oil, the *bat* of oil, shall be the tithe of the *bat* out of the *kor*, which is ten *bat*, even a *ḥomer*; for ten *bat* are a *ḥomer*”** (Ezekiel 45:14). The verse states that there are ten *bat* in one *kor* and ten *bat* in one *ḥomer*. Since it is known that one *kor* is equivalent to thirty *se’a*, the verse indicates that there are also thirty *se’a* in one *ḥomer*. It can therefore be derived from the verse that there are three *se’a* in one *bat*, and consequently, three *se’a* in one ephah.


###### Menachot 77a:6
[Menachot 77a:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:6)

אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: אֵין מוֹסִיפִין עַל הַמִּדּוֹת יוֹתֵר מִשְּׁתוּת, וְלֹא עַל הַמַּטְבֵּעַ יוֹתֵר מִשְּׁתוּת, וְהַמִּשְׂתַּכֵּר לֹא יִשְׂתַּכֵּר יוֹתֵר מִשְּׁתוּת.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ The mishna teaches that the Sages increased the size of the measures so that five Jerusalem measures are equal to six wilderness measures. With regard to the practice of augmenting measures, **Shmuel says:** If the residents of a certain place want to change the standard of their measures and augment them by a certain fraction, **they may not increase the measures** by **more than one-sixth, and** they may **not** increase the value of **a coin** by **more than one-sixth** of its previous value. **And one who profits** from his sales **may not profit** by **more than one-sixth.**


###### Menachot 77a:7
[Menachot 77a:7](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:7)

מַאי טַעְמָא? אִילֵּימָא מִשּׁוּם אַפְקוֹעֵי תַּרְעָא – אִי הָכִי, שְׁתוּת נָמֵי לָא!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara analyzes these statements. When Shmuel said: They may not increase the measures by more than one-sixth, **what is the reason** for this? **If we say** it is **because** doing so causes market **prices to rise,** the same concern should apply to raising the prices by **one-sixth,** and therefore that should **also not** be allowed.


###### Menachot 77a:8
[Menachot 77a:8](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:8)

אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם אוֹנָאָה, כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלָא לֶיהֱוֵי בִּיטּוּל מִקָּח, וְהָא אָמַר רָבָא: כׇּל דָּבָר שֶׁבְּמִדָּה וְשֶׁבְּמִשְׁקָל וְשֶׁבְּמִנְיָן, אֲפִילּוּ פָּחוֹת מִכְּדֵי אוֹנָאָה – חוֹזֵר!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rather,** one might say that the prohibition is **due to** concern for **exploitation;** and they may increase the measures only by up to one-sixth so **that there will not be nullification of the transaction,** as the transaction is nullified only when the disparity is more than one-sixth of the value of the item. The Gemara raises an objection: **But doesn’t Rava say:** With regard to **any item that** is otherwise subject to the *halakhot* of exploitation, and it is sold **by measure, or by weight, or by number, even** if the disparity was **less than the measure of exploitation** in the transaction, the transaction is **reversed?** A disparity of one-sixth between the value of an item and its price constitutes exploitation only in cases where there is room for error in assessing the value of an item. In a case where the details of the item are easily quantifiable, any deviation from the designated quantity results in a nullification of the transaction. The statement of Shmuel concerns sales involving measures.


###### Menachot 77a:9
[Menachot 77a:9](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:9)

אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם תַּגָּרָא, כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלָא לִמְטְיֵיהּ דְּיָאנָה. דְּיָאנָה הוּא דְּלָא לִימְטְיֵיהּ, רְוָחָא לָא בָּעֵי? זְבֵן וְזַבֵּין – תַּגָּרָא אִיקְּרִי?!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rather,** the prohibition is for the benefit of **the merchant, so that there will not be a loss** suffered **by** a merchant who might not realize that a new standard was issued, and might sell in accordance with the old standard. Since a merchant usually enjoys a profit of one-sixth of the value of an item, if the standard is not increased by more than this amount he will not suffer a loss, as at worst he will forfeit his profit margin. The Gemara notes: This explanation is also difficult, since even if the aim is to ensure **that there will not be a loss** for the merchant, **does he not need** to earn **a profit?** There is a well-known adage in this regard: If you **buy and sell** without earning any profit, **will** you **be called a merchant?** A merchant must profit from his sales; therefore, if this decree was instituted for the protection of merchants, the Sages should have ensured that they earn a profit.


###### Menachot 77a:10
[Menachot 77a:10](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:10)

אֶלָּא אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: שְׁמוּאֵל קְרָא אַשְׁכַּח וּדְרַשׁ, ״הַשֶּׁקֶל עֶשְׂרִים גֵּרָה עֶשְׂרִים שְׁקָלִים חֲמִשָּׁה וְעֶשְׂרִים שְׁקָלִים עֲשָׂרָה וַחֲמִשָּׁה שֶׁקֶל הַמָּנֶה יִהְיֶה לָכֶם״, מָנֶה מָאתָן וְאַרְבְּעִין הָווּ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rather, Rav Ḥisda said:** The prohibition is not based on logical reasoning. Instead, **Shmuel found a verse and interpreted it homiletically: “And the shekel shall be twenty *gera*; twenty shekels, five and twenty shekels, ten, and five shekels, shall be your *maneh*”** (Ezekiel 45:12). According to this verse, the sum of all of these numbers, sixty shekels, is equivalent to a *maneh*. This is problematic: How can **a *maneh*** consist of sixty shekels? Since each biblical shekel is equivalent to four dinars, if a *maneh* is equal to sixty shekels, a *maneh* **is two hundred and forty** dinars. But a *maneh* is actually equal to twenty-five shekels, which are one hundred dinars.


###### Menachot 77a:11
[Menachot 77a:11](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:11)

אֶלָּא שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ תְּלָת: שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ מָנֶה שֶׁל קוֹדֶשׁ כָּפוּל הָיָה, וּשְׁמַע מִינַּהּ מוֹסִיפִין עַל הַמִּדּוֹת וְאֵין מוֹסִיפִין יוֹתֵר מִשְּׁתוּת, וּשְׁמַע מִינַּהּ שְׁתוּתָא מִלְּבַר.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rather,** one can **learn from** the verse **three** matters: **Learn from it** that the **sacred *maneh* was doubled,** so that it equaled two hundred, not one hundred, dinars. **And** furthermore, as Ezekiel stated that the *maneh* will be sixty shekels, not fifty, **learn from it** that a community may **increase measures, but they may not increase** them by **more than one-sixth. And learn from it** that **the one-sixth** is calculated **from the outside,** i.e., it is one-sixth of the final sum, which is one-fifth of the previous sum.


###### Menachot 77a:12
[Menachot 77a:12](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Menachot/r/77a:12)

אָמַר רָבִינָא: מַתְנִיתִין נָמֵי דַּיְקָא, דְּקָתָנֵי: תּוֹדָה הָיְתָה בָּאָה חָמֵשׁ סְאִין יְרוּשַׁלְמִיּוֹת שֶׁהֵן שֵׁשׁ מִדְבָּרִיּוֹת, שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Ravina said: The mishna is also precisely** formulated so as to reflect the fact that the one-sixth increase is calculated from the outside, **as it teaches:** The flour for the loaves accompanying **the thanks offering would come** from a measure of **five Jerusalem *se’a*** of flour, **which are** equivalent to **six wilderness** *se’a*. One can infer that the *se’a* could be increased by only one-sixth from the outside. The Gemara affirms: Indeed, **conclude from it** that this is the *halakha*.