## Pesachim Daf 54b

###### Pesachim 54b:1
[Pesachim 54b:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:1)

בִּגְדּוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**the garment of Adam, the first** man, was created at this time, as it is stated: “And God made for Adam and his wife garments of skins and clothed them” (Genesis 3:21).


###### Pesachim 54b:2
[Pesachim 54b:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:2)

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: שִׁבְעָה דְּבָרִים מְכוּסִּים מִבְּנֵי אָדָם, אֵלּוּ הֵן: יוֹם הַמִּיתָה, וְיוֹם הַנֶּחָמָה, וְעוֹמֶק הַדִּין, וְאֵין אָדָם יוֹדֵעַ מָה בְּלִבּוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ, וְאֵין אָדָם יוֹדֵעַ בַּמֶּה מִשְׂתַּכֵּר, וּמַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד מָתַי תַּחְזוֹר, וּמַלְכוּת חַיֶּיבֶת מָתַי תִּכְלֶה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
Apropos the list of items created during twilight, the Gemara cites that **the Sages taught: Seven matters are concealed from people,** and **they are:** The **day of death; and the day of consolation** from one’s concerns; **the profundity of justice,** ascertaining the truth in certain disputes; **and a person** also **does not know what is in the heart of another; and a person does not know in what** way he **will earn a profit;** and one does not know **when the monarchy of the house of David will be restored** to Israel; **and when the wicked** Roman **monarchy will cease** to exist.


###### Pesachim 54b:3
[Pesachim 54b:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:3)

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: שְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים עָלוּ בְּמַחְשָׁבָה לִיבָּרְאוֹת, וְאִם לֹא עָלוּ — דִּין הוּא שֶׁיַּעֲלוּ: עַל הַמֵּת שֶׁיַּסְרִיחַ. וְעַל הַמֵּת שֶׁיִּשְׁתַּכֵּחַ מִן הַלֵּב. וְעַל הַתְּבוּאָה שֶׁתֵּרָקֵב. וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים: עַל הַמַּטְבֵּעַ שֶׁיֵּצֵא.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**The Sages taught** on a similar note: The thoughts of **three matters arose in** God’s **mind to be created, and if they did not arise** in His thoughts, **by right** they should have **arisen** in His thoughts, as they are fundamental to the existence of the world. God created a world in which **a corpse rots,** so that it requires burial and the family does not continually suffer by seeing the corpse; **that the deceased are forgotten from the heart,** and the sense of pain and loss diminishes with time; **and that grain will rot** so that it cannot be hoarded forever, and therefore one must sell his produce. **And some say:** He instituted **that currency will circulate** so that people will accept money as a method of payment.


###### Pesachim 54b:4
[Pesachim 54b:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:4)

**מַתְנִי׳** מָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלָאכָה בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב — עוֹשִׂין, מָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלָאכָה — אֵין עוֹשִׂין, וּבְכׇל מָקוֹם תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים בְּטֵלִים. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: לְעוֹלָם יַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם עַצְמוֹ תַּלְמִיד חָכָם.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**MISHNA:** This mishna continues the previous discussion of customs. In **a place where** people **were accustomed to perform labor on the Ninth of Av, one performs** labor. In **a place where** people **were accustomed not to perform labor,** one does **not perform** labor. **And in all places Torah scholars are idle** and do not perform labor on the Ninth of Av, due to the mourning over the Temple’s destruction. **Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says:** With regard to the Ninth of Av, **a person should always conduct himself** as **a Torah scholar** and refrain from performing labor.


###### Pesachim 54b:5
[Pesachim 54b:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:5)

**גְּמָ׳** אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: אֵין תַּעֲנִית צִיבּוּר בְּבָבֶל אֶלָּא תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב בִּלְבַד. לְמֵימְרָא דְּסָבַר שְׁמוּאֵל תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ אָסוּר? וְהָאָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ מוּתָּר. וְכִי תֵּימָא קָסָבַר שְׁמוּאֵל: כׇּל תַּעֲנִית צִיבּוּר בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ מוּתָּר, וְהָאֲנַן תְּנַן: ״אוֹכְלִין וְשׁוֹתִין מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם״. לְמַעוֹטֵי מַאי, לָאו לְמַעוֹטֵי בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת? לָא, לְמַעוֹטֵי מִשֶּׁחָשֵׁיכָה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**GEMARA:** **Shmuel said: The only communal fast in Babylonia** during which all the stringencies of a communal fast are observed **is the Ninth of Av.** The Gemara asks: **Is that to say,** based on the parallel he drew between them, **that Shmuel holds** that **the Ninth of Av** is as stringent as communal fast days, in that **during twilight** on the Ninth of Av all activities prohibited on the Ninth of Av are **prohibited? But didn’t Shmuel say:** During **twilight of the Ninth of Av** all activities prohibited on the Ninth of Av are **permitted,** and the Sages did not decree any prohibitions during this time? **And if you say that Shmuel holds:** With regard to **every communal fast, during twilight** those activities considered to be afflictions are **permitted, didn’t we learn** in a mishna with regard to a public fast day: **One may eat and drink while it is still day?** The Gemara analyzes this statement: **What** does the expression: While it is still day, come **to exclude? What, isn’t it to exclude twilight** of a communal fast day, when these activities are prohibited? The Gemara rejects this: **No,** it is **to exclude** the time **after dark,** when these afflictions are certainly in effect.


###### Pesachim 54b:6
[Pesachim 54b:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:6)

נֵימָא מְסַיַּיע לֵיהּ: אֵין בֵּין תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב לְיוֹם הַכִּיפּוּרִים, אֶלָּא שֶׁזֶּה סְפֵיקוֹ אָסוּר, וְזֶה סְפֵיקוֹ מוּתָּר.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara suggests: **Let us say** that this *baraita* **supports** Shmuel’s opinion: **The only** difference **between the Ninth of Av and Yom Kippur is that** with regard to **this,** Yom Kippur, **its uncertainty is prohibited,** as eating and drinking on Yom Kippur is prohibited by Torah law, **whereas** with regard to that, the Ninth of Av, **its uncertainty** is **permitted,** as the afflictions of the Ninth of Av are rabbinic decrees.


###### Pesachim 54b:7
[Pesachim 54b:7](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:7)

מַאי סְפֵיקוֹ מוּתָּר — לָאו בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת? לָא, כִּדְאָמַר רַב שִׁישָׁא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב אִידִי: לִקְבִיעָא דְיַרְחָא, הָכָא נָמֵי — לִקְבִיעָא דְיַרְחָא.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara explains the support for Shmuel’s opinion: **What** is the meaning of the expression: With regard to that, the Ninth of Av, **its uncertainty** is **permitted?** Is it **not** referring to **twilight,** with regard to which there is uncertainty whether it is day or night? Apparently, it is permitted to eat during twilight on the Ninth of Av. The Gemara rejects this: **No,** it is **as Rav Sheisha, son** of **Rav Idi, said** in a different context: It is referring to uncertainty with regard to the **determination of the** first day of the new **month,** which would require observance of the Festival for two days. **Here, too,** the *baraita* is referring to uncertainty with regard to **determination of** the first day of the new **month.** Since the Ninth of Av is a fast of rabbinic origin, there is no requirement to observe two days.


###### Pesachim 54b:8
[Pesachim 54b:8](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:8)

דָּרֵשׁ רָבָא: עוּבָּרוֹת וּמְנִיקוֹת — מִתְעַנּוֹת וּמַשְׁלִימוֹת בּוֹ, כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁמִּתְעַנּוֹת וּמַשְׁלִימוֹת בְּיוֹם הַכִּיפּוּרִים, וּבֵין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ אָסוּר. וְכֵן אָמְרוּ מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן. וּמִי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן הָכִי? וְהָאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב אֵינוֹ כְּתַעֲנִית צִיבּוּר. מַאי לָאו, לְבֵין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת? לֹא, לִמְלָאכָה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rava taught: Pregnant women and nursing women fast and complete** the fast **on** the Ninth of Av **in the manner that they fast and complete** the fast **on Yom Kippur, and** during **twilight on** the Ninth of Av **it is prohibited** to eat or drink. **And they likewise said** so **in the name** of **Rabbi Yoḥanan.** The Gemara asks: **And did Rabbi Yoḥanan** actually **say that?** Didn’t **Rabbi Yoḥanan say: The Ninth of Av is not like a communal fast** decreed to pray for rain? **What, isn’t it** referring to the matter of **twilight?** Apparently, Rabbi Yoḥanan holds that it is permitted to eat and drink during twilight on the Ninth of Av. The Gemara answers: **No,** it is referring to performing **labor,** which is prohibited on the Ninth of Av, in contrast to other fasts.


###### Pesachim 54b:9
[Pesachim 54b:9](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:9)

מְלָאכָה? תְּנֵינָא: מָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלָאכָה בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב — עוֹשִׂין, וּבְמָקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲשׂוֹת — אֵין עוֹשִׂין. וַאֲפִילּוּ רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל לָא אָמַר אֶלָּא דְּכִי יָתֵיב וְלָא עָבֵיד, לָא מִיחְזֵי כְּיוּהֲרָא, אֲבָל מֵיסָר — לָא אָסַר.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara expresses surprise: It is referring to performing **labor? We** already **learned** explicitly in the mishna: In **a place where** people **were accustomed to perform labor on the Ninth of Av, one performs** labor; **in a place where** people **were accustomed not to perform** labor, **one does not perform** labor. Apparently, the prohibition against performing labor on the Ninth of Av depends on local custom and is not an outright prohibition. **And even Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel only said** that one may conduct himself as a Torah scholar and refrain from performing labor **because when one sits and does not perform** labor, **it does not appear as presumptuousness** on his part. It does not create the impression that he actually considers himself a Torah scholar because others may simply think that he has no work to do. **However,** in terms of **prohibiting** the performance of labor, **he does not prohibit** performing labor on the Ninth of Av.


###### Pesachim 54b:10
[Pesachim 54b:10](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:10)

אֶלָּא: מַאי אֵינוֹ כְּתַעֲנִית צִיבּוּר — לִתְפִילַּת נְעִילָה. וְהָאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: וּלְוַאי שֶׁיִּתְפַּלֵּל אָדָם וְהוֹלֵךְ כׇּל הַיּוֹם כּוּלּוֹ!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rather, what** is the meaning of the expression: The Ninth of Av **is not like a communal fast?** It was stated with regard to **the closing prayer.** On a communal fast day there are four prayers, and on Yom Kippur there are five prayers, but on the Ninth of Av there are only three prayers, like an ordinary weekday. **But didn’t Rabbi Yoḥanan say: If only a person would continue to pray throughout the entire day?** This indicates that according to Rabbi Yoḥanan, a person may recite additional prayers if he so chooses.


###### Pesachim 54b:11
[Pesachim 54b:11](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:11)

הָתָם חוֹבָה, הָכָא רְשׁוּת. וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: מַאי אֵינוֹ כְּתַעֲנִית צִיבּוּר — לְעֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara answers: **There,** on a communal fast day, it is **a requirement** to recite four prayers; **here,** on the Ninth of Av, reciting additional prayers is **optional** according to Rabbi Yoḥanan. **And if you wish, say** instead: **What** is the meaning of the expression: The Ninth of Av **is not like a communal fast?** It is with regard to the **twenty-four** blessings that are recited on a communal fast, as six blessings were added to the eighteen blessings of the daily *Amida* prayer. On the Ninth of Av one recites only the standard eighteen blessings.


###### Pesachim 54b:12
[Pesachim 54b:12](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:12)

רַב פָּפָּא אָמַר: מַאי ״אֵינוֹ כְּתַעֲנִית צִיבּוּר״ — אֵינוֹ כָּרִאשׁוֹנוֹת, אֶלָּא כָּאַחֲרוֹנוֹת, וַאֲסוּרָה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rav Pappa said: What** is the meaning of the phrase: The Ninth of Av **is not like a communal fast?** It comes to teach a stringency. There are different types of communal fasts for rain. The first three fasts are the least stringent; the next three are more stringent; and the final seven fasts are the most stringent of all. The statement teaches that the Ninth of Av **is not** like the **first** fast days, which are more lenient in several respects; for example, they do not begin during twilight. **Rather, it is like the final** fast days, when eating and performing labor are **prohibited** during twilight.


###### Pesachim 54b:13
[Pesachim 54b:13](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:13)

מֵיתִיבִי: אֵין בֵּין תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב לְיוֹם הַכִּיפּוּרִים אֶלָּא שֶׁזֶּה סְפֵיקוֹ אָסוּר וְזֶה סְפֵיקוֹ מוּתָּר, מַאי סְפֵיקוֹ מוּתָּר — לָאו בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ! אָמַר רַב שִׁישָׁא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב אִידִי: לָא, לִקְבִיעָא דְיַרְחָא, הָא לְכׇל דְּבָרִים — זֶה וָזֶה שָׁוִין.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara **raises an objection:** Didn’t we already learn that **the only** difference **between the Ninth of Av and Yom Kippur is that** with regard to **this,** Yom Kippur, **its uncertainty** is **prohibited,** because eating and drinking on Yom Kippur are prohibited by Torah law, **whereas** with regard to that, the Ninth of Av, **its uncertainty** is **permitted? What** is the meaning of the expression referring to the Ninth of Av: **Its uncertainty** is **permitted?** Is it **not** referring to **its twilight,** contrary to the statement of Rav Pappa? The Gemara rejects this. **Rav Sheisha, son** of **Rav Idi, said** in a different context: **No.** It is uncertainty with regard to the **determination of the** first day of the new **month.** There is no requirement to observe a second day of the Ninth of Av. By inference, with regard **to all** other **matters this and that are equal.**


###### Pesachim 54b:14
[Pesachim 54b:14](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:14)

מְסַיַּיע לְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: אָסוּר לוֹ לְאָדָם שֶׁיּוֹשִׁיט אֶצְבָּעוֹ בְּמַיִם בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב, כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁאָסוּר לְהוֹשִׁיט אֶצְבָּעוֹ בְּיוֹם הַכִּיפּוּרִים.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara comments: This statement **supports** the opinion of **Rabbi Elazar, as Rabbi Elazar said:** It is **prohibited for a person to extend his finger into water on the Ninth of Av, just as it is prohibited** for him **to extend his finger into water on Yom Kippur.**


###### Pesachim 54b:15
[Pesachim 54b:15](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:15)

מֵיתִיבִי: אֵין בֵּין תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב לְתַעֲנִית צִיבּוּר אֶלָּא שֶׁזֶּה אָסוּר בַּעֲשִׂיַּית מְלָאכָה וְזֶה מוּתָּר בַּעֲשִׂיַּית מְלָאכָה בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ. הָא לְכׇל דִּבְרֵיהֶם — זֶה וָזֶה שָׁוִין. וְאִילּוּ גַּבֵּי תַּעֲנִית צִיבּוּר תַּנְיָא: כְּשֶׁאָמְרוּ ״אָסוּר בִּרְחִיצָה״, לֹא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא כׇּל גּוּפוֹ, אֲבָל פָּנָיו יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו — לֹא!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara **raises an objection: The only** difference **between the Ninth of Av and a communal fast is that** on **this** day, a communal fast, **performance of labor is prohibited, and on that** day, the Ninth of Av, **performance of labor is permitted in a place where** people **are accustomed** to perform labor. By inference, with regard to **all** other **matters this and that are equal. However, with regard to a communal fast, it was taught** in a *baraita*: **When** the Sages **said** that **bathing is prohibited, they said** it **only** with regard to washing **one’s entire body, but** with regard to washing **one’s face, one’s hands, and one’s feet** in increments, the Sages did **not** say that it was prohibited. Apparently, with respect to washing, the Rabbis were stricter with regard to the Ninth of Av than they were with regard to a communal fast.


###### Pesachim 54b:16
[Pesachim 54b:16](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Pesachim/r/54b:16)

אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא:

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rav Pappa said:**