## Sanhedrin Daf 57b

###### Sanhedrin 57b:1
[Sanhedrin 57b:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:1)

נֶהֱרָג עָלָיו.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
he **is executed for** killing **him** even though he acted in self-defense, and a descendant of Noah is also killed for this.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:2
[Sanhedrin 57b:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:2)

אַשְׁכַּח רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אַחָא דַּהֲוָה כְּתִיב בְּסֵפֶר אַגַּדְתָּא דְּבֵי רַב: בֶּן נֹחַ נֶהֱרָג בְּדַיָּין אֶחָד, וּבְעֵד אֶחָד, שֶׁלֹּא בְּהַתְרָאָה, מִפִּי אִישׁ וְלֹא מִפִּי אִשָּׁה, וַאֲפִילּוּ קָרוֹב. מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אָמְרוּ: אַף עַל הָעוּבָּרִין.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ **Rabbi Ya’akov bar Aḥa found that it was written in a book of *Aggadot* in the study hall of Rav:** Contrary to the *halakha* with regard to a Jew, **a descendant of Noah is executed on the basis of** the verdict of even **one judge, and by** the testimony of even **one witness,** and **without** being given **forewarning** before committing the transgression. He can be judged or testified against only **by the mouth of a man and not by the mouth of a woman; but even a relative** may judge his case or testify against him. The Sages **said in the name of Rabbi Yishmael** that a descendant of Noah is executed **even for** killing **fetuses.**


###### Sanhedrin 57b:3
[Sanhedrin 57b:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:3)

מְנָהָנֵי מִילֵּי? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: דְּאָמַר קְרָא, ״אַךְ אֶת דִּמְכֶם לְנַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם אֶדְרֹשׁ״, אֲפִילּוּ בְּדַיָּין אֶחָד.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **From where are these matters** derived? **Rav Yehuda says:** They are derived from that **which the verse states:** “And **your blood of your lives I will require;** at the hand of every animal I will require it; and at the hand of man, even at the hand of every man’s brother, I will require the life of man” (Genesis 9:5). It is derived from the term “I will require,” which is stated in the singular, that a descendant of Noah is executed **on the basis** of the verdict of **even one judge.**


###### Sanhedrin 57b:4
[Sanhedrin 57b:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:4)

״מִיָּד כׇּל חַיָּה״, אֲפִילּוּ שֶׁלֹּא בְּהַתְרָאָה. ״אֶדְרְשֶׁנּוּ וּמִיַּד הָאָדָם״, אֲפִילּוּ בְּעֵד אֶחָד. ״מִיַּד אִישׁ״, וְלֹא מִיַּד אִשָּׁה. ״אָחִיו״, אֲפִילּוּ קָרוֹב.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
It is derived from the phrase **“at the hand of every animal”** that one is executed **even without forewarning,** as an animal certainly cannot forewarn someone. It is derived from the phrase **“I will require it; and at the hand of man,”** with “I” stated in the singular, that the sentence is issued **on the basis** of the testimony of **even one witness.** It is derived from the phrase **“at the hand of every man,”** that the judgment and testimony must be at the hand of a man, **but not at the hand of a woman.** It is derived from the term **“his brother”** that the testimony of the witness is accepted **even** if he is **a relative** of the defendant.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:5
[Sanhedrin 57b:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:5)

מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אָמְרוּ: אַף עַל הָעוּבָּרִין. מַאי טַעְמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל? דִּכְתִיב: ״שֹׁפֵךְ דַּם הָאָדָם בָּאָדָם דָּמוֹ יִשָּׁפֵךְ״. אֵיזֶהוּ אָדָם שֶׁהוּא בָּאָדָם? הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: זֶה עוּבָּר שֶׁבִּמְעֵי אִמּוֹ.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
It is stated in that book of *Aggadot* that the Sages **said in the name of Rabbi Yishmael:** A descendant of Noah is executed **even for** killing **fetuses.** The Gemara asks: **What is the reason** for the opinion **of Rabbi Yishmael?** The Gemara answers: It is derived from that **which is written: “One who sheds the blood of a person, by a person [*ba’adam*] his blood shall be shed”** (Genesis 9:6). The word *ba’adam* literally means: In a person, and is interpreted homiletically: **What is a person that is in a person? You must say: This is a fetus that is in its mother’s womb.** Accordingly, a descendant of Noah is liable for killing a fetus.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:6
[Sanhedrin 57b:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:6)

וְתַנָּא קַמָּא תַּנָּא דְבֵי מְנַשֶּׁה הוּא, דְּאָמַר: כׇּל מִיתָה הָאֲמוּרָה לִבְנֵי נֹחַ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא חֶנֶק, וּשְׁדִי לֵיהּ הַאי ״בָּאָדָם״ אַסֵּיפֵיהּ דִּקְרָא, וּדְרוֹשׁ בֵּיהּ הָכִי: ״בָּאָדָם דָּמוֹ יִשָּׁפֵךְ״ – אֵיזֶהוּ שְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים שֶׁל אָדָם שֶׁהוּא בְּגוּפוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם? הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: זֶה חֶנֶק.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara comments: **And the first *tanna*,** who does not derive the *halakha* concerning fetuses, **is the *tanna* of the school of Menashe, who says** that **all death** penalties **stated with regard to the descendants of Noah are** referring to **nothing other than strangulation. And** he interprets this verse as follows: **Cast,** i.e., redirect, **this** term: **“In a person,”** and explain it **with regard to the latter** part **of the verse, and interpret it homiletically like this: “In a person, his blood shall be shed.”** In **what** manner **is a person’s blood shed while it is in** the **person’s body,** without external bleeding? **You must say** that **this is strangulation.** It is therefore derived that the execution of a descendant of Noah is by strangulation.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:7
[Sanhedrin 57b:7](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:7)

מֵתִיב רַב הַמְנוּנָא: וְאִשָּׁה לָא מִפַּקְדָה? וְהָכְתִיב: ״כִּי יְדַעְתִּיו לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר יְצַוֶּה וְגוֹ׳״!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rav Hamnuna raises an objection** to the statement in the book of *Aggadot* that a descendant of Noah can be judged or testified against only by a man and not by a woman: **And is a woman** who is a descendant of Noah **not commanded** to establish courts of judgment? **But isn’t it written** with regard to Abraham, who at that point had the status of a descendant of Noah: **“For I have known him, to the end that he may command** his sons and his household after him, that they may keep the way of the Lord, to do righteousness and justice” (Genesis 18:19). The word “household” is referring to the women, indicating that they are also commanded to execute justice.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:8
[Sanhedrin 57b:8](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:8)

הוּא מוֹתֵיב לַהּ וְהוּא מְפָרֵק לַהּ: ״בָּנָיו״ – לְדִין, ״בֵּיתוֹ״ – לִצְדָקָה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**He raises the objection and he resolves it:** Abraham commanded **his sons to** carry out **justice,** whereas **his household,** the women in his family, he commanded **to** give **charity;** the Hebrew word for righteousness [*tzedek*] can also mean charity [*tzedaka*].


###### Sanhedrin 57b:9
[Sanhedrin 57b:9](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:9)

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב אַוְיָא סָבָא לְרַב פָּפָּא: אֵימָא בַּת נֹחַ שֶׁהָרְגָה לֹא תֵּיהָרֵג, ״מִיַּד אִישׁ״, וְלֹא ״מִיַּד אִשָּׁה״ כְּתִיב? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הָכִי אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: ״שֹׁפֵךְ דַּם הָאָדָם״ – מִכׇּל מָקוֹם.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rav Avya the Elder said to Rav Pappa:** Why not **say** that **a female descendant of Noah who killed** someone **should not be executed;** as **it is written: “At the hand of every man,” and not “at the hand of every woman”?** Rav Pappa **said to him: This** is what **Rav Yehuda says:** It is derived from the phrase **“one who sheds the blood of a person”** that one who murders is liable to be executed **in any case,** whether that person is male or female.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:10
[Sanhedrin 57b:10](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:10)

אֵימָא: בַּת נֹחַ שֶׁזִּינְּתָה לֹא תֵּיהָרֵג, דִּכְתִיב ״עַל כֵּן יַעֲזׇב אִישׁ״ וְלֹא אִשָּׁה? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הָכִי אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: ״וְהָיוּ לְבָשָׂר אֶחָד״ – הֲדַר עָרְבִינְהוּ קְרָא.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
Rav Avya asked further: Why not **say** that **a female descendant of Noah who committed adultery should not be executed, as it is written: “Therefore a man shall leave** his father and his mother, and shall cleave to his wife, and they shall be one flesh” (Genesis 2:24); a man, **but not a woman?** Rav Pappa **said to him: This** is what **Rav Yehuda says:** At the end of the verse it states: **“And they shall be one flesh.” The verse then combines** men and women, indicating that the same *halakha* applies to both.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:11
[Sanhedrin 57b:11](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:11)

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״אִישׁ״, מָה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״אִישׁ אִישׁ״? לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַגּוֹיִים, שֶׁמּוּזְהָרִין עַל הָעֲרָיוֹת כְּיִשְׂרָאֵל.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
§ **The Sages taught** in a *baraita* with regard to the verse: “No one [*ish ish*] shall approach any that is kin to him, to uncover their nakedness” (Leviticus 18:6): The verse could have stated: **One [*ish*]** shall not approach. **Why** must **the verse state “no one”?** It is **to include the gentiles, who are prohibited from** engaging in **forbidden sexual relations, as Jews** are.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:12
[Sanhedrin 57b:12](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:12)

וְהָא מֵהָכָא נָפְקָא? מֵהָתָם נָפְקָא! ״לֵאמֹר״ – זֶה גִּילּוּי עֲרָיוֹת.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **But is it derived from here? It is derived from there,** from the verse that was already interpreted as teaching this *halakha*: “And the Lord God commanded the man, **saying”** (Genesis 2:16), **this** alludes to **forbidden sexual relations** (see 56b).


###### Sanhedrin 57b:13
[Sanhedrin 57b:13](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:13)

הָתָם בַּעֲרָיוֹת דִּידְהוּ, וְהָכָא בַּעֲרָיוֹת דִּידַן, דְּקָתָנֵי סֵיפָא: בָּא עַל עֲרָיוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל – נִידּוֹן בְּדִינֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara answers: **There,** the verse is referring **to their** women, gentiles, **with whom relations are forbidden. And here** it is referring **to our** women, Jews, **with whom relations are forbidden.** In other words, a gentile who engages in intercourse with a married Jewish woman is liable. **As it is taught in the latter clause** of the *baraita*: If a gentile **engages in intercourse with those Jewish** women **with whom relations are forbidden,** i.e., a married Jewish woman, **he is judged according to the *halakhot* of the Jews.**


###### Sanhedrin 57b:14
[Sanhedrin 57b:14](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:14)

לְמַאי הִלְכְתָא? אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר אֲבוּהּ: לֹא נִצְרְכָה אֶלָּא לָעֵדָה, וְעֵדִים, וְהַתְרָאָה.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **With regard to what *halakha*** is this gentile judged according to the *halakhot* of the Jews? **Rav Naḥman says** that **Rabba bar Avuh says:** The statement of the *baraita* **is necessary only** to teach these *halakhot*: That he must be judged **by a Sanhedrin, and** that he is punished only if two **witnesses** testify concerning him, **and** only if he was issued **a forewarning** before his transgression.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:15
[Sanhedrin 57b:15](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:15)

מִגְרָע גָּרַע?

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: Should the *halakha* of a gentile who engaged in intercourse with a forbidden Jewish woman be **less** stringent than that of a gentile who engaged in intercourse with a forbidden gentile woman, in which case these conditions do not apply?


###### Sanhedrin 57b:16
[Sanhedrin 57b:16](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:16)

אֶלָּא אָמַר רַב יוֹחָנָן: לֹא נִצְרְכָה אֶלָּא לְנַעֲרָה הַמְאוֹרָסָה, דִּלְדִידְהוּ לֵית לְהוּ, דְּדָיְינִינַן לְהוּ בְּדִינָא דִּידַן.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rather, Rabbi Yoḥanan says:** The statement of the *baraita* **is necessary only to** teach the *halakha* in the case of a gentile who engages in intercourse with **a betrothed young** Jewish **woman, which** does **not** apply **to** gentiles. By *halakha*, only marriage applies to gentiles, not betrothal. Therefore, **we judge them according to our *halakha*** in that case.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:17
[Sanhedrin 57b:17](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:17)

אֲבָל אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ, בְּדִינָא דִּידְהוּ דָּיְינִינַן לְהוּ? וְהָתַנְיָא: בָּא עַל נַעֲרָה הַמְאוֹרָסָה – נִידּוֹן בִּסְקִילָה, עַל אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ – נִידּוֹן בְּחֶנֶק. וְאִי בְּדִינָא דִּידְהוּ, סַיִיף הוּא!

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara asks: **And** with regard to gentiles who engage in intercourse with **a married** Jewish **woman, do we judge them according to their *halakha*? But isn’t it taught** in a *baraita*: If a gentile **engages in intercourse with a betrothed young** Jewish **woman, he is punished by stoning;** if he engages in intercourse **with a married** Jewish **woman he is punished by strangulation?** The Gemara explains its question: **And if** they are judged **according to their *halakha*,** he would **be** executed by the **sword.**


###### Sanhedrin 57b:18
[Sanhedrin 57b:18](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:18)

אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: מַאי אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ דְּקָתָנֵי? כְּגוֹן שֶׁנִּכְנְסָה לְחוּפָּה וְלֹא נִבְעֲלָה, דִּלְדִידְהוּ לֵית לְהוּ. דָּיְינִינַן לְהוּ בְּדִינָא דִּידַן.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak says: What** is the meaning of the phrase: **A married woman, which** the *tanna* **teaches?** It is referring to a case **where** the woman **had entered the wedding canopy but had not** yet **engaged in intercourse** with her husband, in which case she is considered married according to the *halakhot* that apply to Jews but not according to the *halakhot* that apply to gentiles. **Since with regard to** gentiles, marriage has **not** yet taken effect, **we judge them according to our *halakhot*.** Therefore, a gentile who engages in intercourse with such a Jewish woman is executed by strangulation.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:19
[Sanhedrin 57b:19](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:19)

דְּתָנֵי רַבִּי חֲנִינָא: בְּעוּלַת בַּעַל – יֵשׁ לָהֶן, נִכְנְסָה לְחוּפָּה וְלֹא נִבְעֲלָה – אֵין לָהֶן.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**As Rabbi Ḥanina teaches:** Gentiles can **have** the status of a married woman **who has engaged in intercourse with her husband,** i.e., such a woman is considered married according to their laws, but **they cannot have** the status of a married woman **who has entered the wedding canopy but has not engaged in intercourse** with her husband.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:20
[Sanhedrin 57b:20](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:20)

תַּנְיָא כְּוָותֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כׇּל עֶרְוָה שֶׁבֵּית דִּין שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל מְמִיתִין עָלֶיהָ – בֶּן נֹחַ מוּזְהָר עָלֶיהָ. אֵין בֵּית דִּין שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל מְמִיתִין עָלֶיהָ – אֵין בֶּן נֹחַ מוּזְהָר עָלֶיהָ. דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: הַרְבֵּה עֲרָיוֹת יֵשׁ שֶׁאֵין בֵּית דִּין שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל מְמִיתִין עֲלֵיהֶן, וּבֶן נֹחַ מוּזְהָר עֲלֵיהֶן.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
**It is taught** in a *baraita* **in accordance with** the opinion **of Rabbi Yoḥanan: Any forbidden sexual relations for which a Jewish court administers capital punishment are prohibited to a descendant of Noah,** and any forbidden sexual relations **for which a Jewish court does not administer capital punishment are not prohibited to a descendant of Noah;** this is **the statement of Rabbi Meir. And the Rabbis say: There are many** types of **forbidden sexual relations for which a Jewish court does not administer capital punishment and are** nevertheless **prohibited to a descendant of Noah.**


###### Sanhedrin 57b:21
[Sanhedrin 57b:21](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:21)

בָּא עַל עֲרָיוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל – נִידּוֹן בְּדִינֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. בָּא עַל עֲרָיוֹת בֶּן נֹחַ – נִידּוֹן בְּדִינֵי בֶּן נֹחַ. וְאָנוּ אֵין לָנוּ אֶלָּא נַעֲרָה הַמְאוֹרָסָה בִּלְבַד.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
If a gentile **engages in intercourse with those Jews with whom relations are forbidden, he is judged according to the *halakhot* of the Jews.** If he **engages in intercourse with those descendants of Noah with whom relations are forbidden, he is judged according to the *halakhot* of the descendants of Noah. And we have only** the case of **a betrothed young woman** as a case where a gentile is judged according to the *halakhot* of the Jews, in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:22
[Sanhedrin 57b:22](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:22)

וְנִחְשׁוֹב נָמֵי נִכְנְסָה לְחוּפָּה וְלֹא נִבְעֲלָה? הַאי תַּנָּא תַּנָּא דְבֵי מְנַשֶּׁה הוּא, דְּאָמַר: כׇּל מִיתָה הָאֲמוּרָה לִבְנֵי נֹחַ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא חֶנֶק. אִידֵּי וְאִידֵּי חֶנֶק הוּא.

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
The Gemara suggests: **And let** the *tanna* **also count** the case of a woman who **had entered the wedding canopy but had not** yet **engaged in intercourse** with her husband. The Gemara explains: **This *tanna* is the *tanna* of the school of Menashe, who says** that **all death** penalties **stated with regard to the descendants of Noah are** referring to **nothing other than strangulation,** and since the punishment in Jewish *halakha* for engaging in intercourse with a married woman is also strangulation, both **this** punishment **and that** punishment are **strangulation;** there is no difference between the *halakha* for Jews and the *halakha* for gentiles in such a case.


###### Sanhedrin 57b:23
[Sanhedrin 57b:23](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Sanhedrin/r/57b:23)

וְסָבַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר: כׇּל עֶרְוָה שֶׁבֵּית דִּין שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל מְמִיתִין עָלֶיהָ, בֶּן נֹחַ מוּזְהָר עָלֶיהָ? וְהָא תַּנְיָא: גֵּר

**William Davidson Edition - English:**
With regard to the opinion of Rabbi Meir stated in the first clause of the *baraita*, the Gemara asks: **And does Rabbi Meir hold** that **any forbidden sexual relations for which a Jewish court administers capital punishment are prohibited to a descendant of Noah? But isn’t it taught** in a *baraita*: With regard to **a convert**