## Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah Siman 376

###### Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 376:1
[Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 376:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Shulchan%20Arukh%2C%20Yoreh%20De%27ah/r/376:1)

**מנהג המנחמים ודין מת שאין לו מנחמים. ובו ד' סעיפים:**
אין המנחמים רשאים לפתוח עד שיפתח האבל תחלה והאבל מיסב בראש וכיון שנענע האבל בראשו בענין שנראה שפוטר את המנחמים אינם רשאים לישב אצלו: (אין אבל או חולה חייבים לעמוד אפילו מפני נשיא): (פ' א"מ):

**Translation v.1:**
The comforters are not permitted to open [conversation] until the mourner opens first; and the mourner reclines at the head [of the mourner's meal];².; Ket. 69b. This refers to meals served in the house of mourning, and is derived from Job’s statement, *‘I chose out their way, and sat chief* (head), *and dwelt as a king in the army, as one comforteth the mourners’* (Job XXIX, 25). The last part of the verse, *‘as one comforteth the mourners’* is rendered as the Pu‘al ינוחם i.e., *‘one who is comforteth.’* This is in accord with R. Abbahu *ibid.* Mar Zutra derives this ruling from Amos VI, 7, which he interprets as, *‘he who is bitter* (of soul) *and distracted* (through bereavement) *is made the chief of those banqueting* (i.e., the mourner must sit at the head of the meal).’ E. has, *‘and the revelry of them that stretched themselves shall pass away.’* and as soon as the mourner nods his head in a manner from which it is indicative that he dismisses the comforters,³ they are not permitted to remain seated by him.⁴ in *T.H.* on the authority of *Ghayyat.* *A mourner or a sick person are not required to rise even on account of a Nasi*.⁵ For this is not considered rising that bestows honour — *R. A. Eger.* Kid. 32b.

footnotes:
² M.K. ibid
³ So that they retire.
⁴ M.K. 27b in accord with R. Joḥanan. For the mourner is not permitted to bid them farewell with the word ‘Peace’ שלום — N
⁵ Glos. M.K. III (27b) — G.


###### Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 376:2
[Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 376:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Shulchan%20Arukh%2C%20Yoreh%20De%27ah/r/376:2)

הבא לכבד את חבירו ולקום מפניו אומר לו שב אלא א"כ הוא אבל או חולה דמשמע שב באבילות שלך שב בחולי שלך: הגה לא יאמר אדם לא נפרעתי כפי מעשי או כיוצא בדברים אלו שאל יפתח פיו לשטן (כן משמע בפרק מי שמתו ובהגהות אלפסי שם) ואל יאמר אדם לאבל מה לך לעשות כי אי אפשר לשנות שזהו כגידוף דמשמע הא אם אפשר לשנות היה עושה אלא יקבל עליו גזירת הש"י מאהבה (נ"י פ' שור שנגח דמשמע כן מגמרא):

**Translation v.1:**
To one who comes to show honour to his friend⁶ and to rise at his presence, [the latter] should say, 'Be seated,' unless he is a mourner or a sick person,⁷ par. 1) — *A.H.* — for [such a statement] would imply, 'Be seated in your mourning,' or 'Be seated in your illness.'⁸ *Gloss*: *A man should not say, 'I was not punished in accordance with my* [*evil*] *deeds,' or anything similar to these words, for a man should never utter anything in such a way as to give Satan an opening*.⁹ — *G.* Uttering such words would invite Satan to inflict more punishment. *Neither should a man say to a mourner, 'What could you have done; it is impossible to change* [*God's verdict*],' *for this is regarded as blasphemy, since it implies that were it possible to change* [*the verdict*] *he would have done so; but one should accept God's decree out of love*.¹⁰ to B.K. 38a — *G. MaHaRShaL* rejects this ruling in view of the fact that King David uttered a similar statement on the loss of his child, viz., *‘But now he is dead, wherefore should I fast*? *Can I bring him back again? I shall go to him, but he will not return to me’* (II Sam. XII, 23), which implies that were it possible to bring him back again, he would have done so. *Ta*Z opposes *MaHaRShaL* and defends this ruling on the grounds that in the case of King David he merely expressed the fact that after death, fasting etc. is of no avail, but prior to death, needless to say, one should engage in prayer and fasting in order to counteract impending death. But once a person has suffered a bereavement, prayer and fasting no longer help. Hence, if one says to a mourner, ‘What could you have done etc.’ it is tantamount to blashphemy. also *P.Tesh.* For this very reason the *Taḥanun* prayer is not recited in a mourner’s home, since it contains the words, ‘I have sinned etc.,’ nor the penitential prayer (והוא רחום) which contains, ‘deal not with us according to our sins’ — *A.H.* *infra* par. 3 and notes. The custom not to remove anything from the home of a mourner has no basis — *Yosef Omeẓ. R. A. Eger* however, adopts a stringency in this matter.
The mirrors are covered up in a home where mourning services are held because one is not permitted to recite prayers in front of a mirror so as not to pray to one's reflection — *Reshumoth* I, p. 371. For additional reasons, v. *Kol Bo*(*G*) I, p. 262, 11.

footnotes:
⁶ Who is an elderly or distinguished person.
⁷ Who rose, although he is not required to do so (cf. supra
⁸ M.K. 27b.
⁹ Thus implied in Ber. 19a and Hag. Alfasi ibid.
¹⁰ N.Yos.


###### Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 376:3
[Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 376:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Shulchan%20Arukh%2C%20Yoreh%20De%27ah/r/376:3)

מת שאין לו אבלים להתנחם באים עשרה בני אדם כשרים ויושבים במקומו כל ז' ימי האבלות ושאר העם מתקבצים עליהם ואם לא היו שם עשרה קבועים בכל יום ויום מתקבצים עשרה משאר העם ויושבים במקומו: הגה ולא ראיתי נוהגין כן וכתוב במהרי"ל נוהגים להתפלל בעשרה כל ז' במקום שנפטר שם האדם והיינו על אדם שלא הניח קרובים ידועים להתאבל עליו אבל יש לו בשום מקום שמתאבלים עליו אין צריך (וכזה ראוי לנהוג):

**Translation v.1:**
A corpse who leaves¹¹ no mourners to be comforted,— [the law is that] ten worthy people come and sit in his place¹² throughout the seven days of mourning and the rest of the people assemble unto them. If ten permanent people were not present there daily, ten of the rest of the people assemble and sit in his place.¹³ XIII, 4. This affords pleasure to the soul of the departed, as it is related (*ibid.*) about a certain individual who died in the neighbourhood of R. Judah, and since there were no survivors, he assembled ten men daily in the place where the person died. After the seven days, the dead person appeared to R. Judah in a dream and said to him, ‘Let your mind be at ease, for you have set my mind at ease.’ *Gloss*: *However, I have not seen this custom in practice. In the* [*writings*] *of Maharil it is stated that it is customary to recite the Tefillah*³² *in* [*the presence of*] *ten* [*males*] *throughout the seven* [*days of mourning*] *at the place where the person died*,¹⁴ prayer is not recited in the house of a mourner for the entire seven days (v. *supra* n. 10). Nor is the *Hallel* said in a mourner’s house on *Rosh Ḥodesh*, for it contains the verse, *‘the dead praise not the Lord’* and this would be regarded as mocking the poor (-dead) — *Ta*Z. It is customary, however, that *Hallel* is said in a house of mourning, only that the mourners leave the room when the *Hallel* is recited. There is a further reason why the *Hallel* is omitted by mourners. For it contains verses such as, *‘This is the day which the Lord hath made; we will be glad and rejoice thereon,’* which is not in keeping with mourning rites. A mourner may recite the *Habdalah* prayer during the mourning period, but should omit the introductory verses which express joy. Only the benediction of this prayer should be recited by him. If the seventh day of mourning coincides with *Rosh Ḥodesh*, the mourner should recite the *Hallel* after the morning services are over, for then he is no longer a mourner — *P.Tesh.* Cf. *supra* par. 2 and notes. For a complete list of the prayers that are omitted in a mourner’s house, v, *Kol Bo*(*G*) I, pp. 277-28 *i.e., for a person who left no known* [*near-of-kin*] *to observe mourning rites for him;*¹⁵ § 384, 3 *Gloss.* *but if he has* [*near-of-kin*] *somewhere who observe mourning rites for him, one is not required* [*to do this*]. *And this is the practice which is proper to adopt.*

footnotes:
¹¹ Lit. ‘has.’
¹² Where the person died. This is done every day. It is, however, not necessary that they remain there throughout the day.
¹³ Shab. 152a. Cf. Yad, Ebel
³² Glos.
¹⁴ O.Ḥ. § 134, 4 where it is stated that the Taḥanun
¹⁵ infra


###### Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 376:4
[Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 376:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Shulchan%20Arukh%2C%20Yoreh%20De%27ah/r/376:4)

עכשיו נוהגים שאחר שנגמר סתימת הקבר מעפר (או לאחר שהפך האבל פניו מן המת) חולצין מנעל וסנדל ומרחיקין מעט מבית הקברות ואומרים קדיש דהוא עתיד לחדתא עלמא ואחר כך תולשין עפר ותולשין עשבים ומשליכים אחר גוום ורוחצין ידיהם במים: הגה י"א שיושבים ז"פ מפני שהרוחות מלוות אותו וכל זמן שיושבין בורחין ממנו (מהרי"ל בתשובה כ"ג בשם י"א) ובמדינות אלו לא נהגו לישב רק ג"פ אחר שרחצו הידים ואומרים כל פעם ויהי נועם וגו' יושב בסתר וגו' וכשנקבר המת ביום טוב יכולין לישב כך ג"פ כמו בחול (מ"כ בהגהות מנהגים) וה"ה אם נקבר סמוך לשבת עושין כן בשבת ונהגו להקפיד אם יכנס אדם לבית אחר קודם שירחץ וישב ג"פ ומנהג אבותינו תורה (שם במהרי"ל) ונמצא במדרשות לומר קדיש על אב (כל בו וריב"ש בשם תנחומא וספרי ובחיי בשם מסכת כלה וב"י בשם הזוהר ובא"ז בשם תנא דבי אליהו רבא) ע"כ נהגו לומר על אב ואם קדיש בתרא י"ב חדש וכן נהגו להפטיר בנביא ולהתפלל ערבית במוצאי שבתות שהוא הזמן שחוזרין הנשמות לגיהנם וכשהבן מתפלל ומקדש ברבים פודה אביו ואמו מן הגיהנם (כל בו בשם הגהות) ונהגו לומר קדיש על האם אע"פ שהאב חי עדיין אינו בידו למחות לבנו שלא יאמר קדיש על אמו (סברת הב"י ע"פ המנהג) מצוה להתענות ביום שמת אב או אם (ריב"ש וכל בו) . ג' אחין ואיש נכרי הג' אחין נוטלין ג' קדישין והאחר נוטל קדיש אחד ונהגו שאם מגיע לאדם יום שמת בו אביו ואמו שאומרים עליהם קדיש יתום לעולם ומי שיודע להתפלל כל התפלה מתפלל ואם יש אבלים אחרים נהגו שתוך שבעה לאבלם הם קודמים ואין לו קדיש כלל תוך ל' יש לו קדיש א' לאחר ל' כל הקדישין של אותו היום הם שלו ומונין שבעה ול' מיום הקבורה אע"פ שלא שמע האבל מיד (במהרי"ל) ואם נכרי הוא כא' מבני העיר לענין קדיש זו הולכים אחר המנהג (אגור בשם מהרי"ל) ואין מקום לקדיש זו אלא על אב ואם בלבד אבל לא בשאר קרובים (ב"ז) ואם אין בב"ה אבל על אביו ואמו אומר אותו קדיש מי שאין לו אב ואם בעד כל מתי ישראל (שם) ויש מקומות שנהגו ששאר קרובים אומרים קדיש על קרוביהם כשאין אבלים על אביהם ואמם ויש מקומות שאפילו יש אבלים על אביהם ואמם אומרים שאר קרובים אלא שעושים פשרה ביניהם שאין אומרים כל כך קדישים כמו האבלים על אב ואם (מהרי"ק שורש מ"ד) והולכים בכל זה אחר המנהג ובלבד שיהא מנהג קבוע בעיר והאבלים אומרים קדיש אפילו בשבת ויו"ט (ב"ז בשם ר"י מקורביי"ל) אבל לא נהגו להתפלל בשבת ויו"ט (כן הוא בתשובת מהרי"ל) אע"פ שאין איסור בדבר אבל בימות החול מי שיודע להתפלל יתפלל ויותר מועיל מקדיש יתום שלא נתקן אלא לקטנים ומי שאינו יודע להתפלל כל התפלה יתפלל למנצח ובא לציון וכו' (ב"ז) ונהגו שאין אומרים קדיש ותפלה רק י"א חדשים כדי שלא יעשו אביהם ואמם רשעים כי משפט רשע י"ב חדש ואם היו אבלים כאן ובאו אח"כ אבלים אחרים השניים יש להם הקדישים והתפלות כל ל' יום מיום הקבורה אע"פ שלא שמעו. י"א דמומר שנהרג ביד עובדי כוכבים בניו אומרים עליו קדיש (הרד"כ בית י"א ובב"ז) (וע"ל סימן ש"מ):

**Translation v.1:**
Nowadays it is customary that after the closing of the grave with earth has been completed, — *or after the mourner turned his face from the corpse*,¹⁶ § 375, 2. — they [the mourners] remove [their] shoes and sandals,¹⁷ § 382 *Gloss* end. and keep away a short [distance] from the burial grounds¹⁸ § 367, 6. If the interment takes place at night, *Ẓidduk ha-Din* and *Kaddish* are not recited at the cemetery. *infra* § 401, 6 *Gloss.* and [then] say *Kaddish*,³² [viz., 'May His great Name be magnified and sanctified in] the world that He will create anew etc.,'¹⁹ on the authority of *T.H.* after which they detach earth²⁰’ (Ps. CIII, 14). and pluck grass²¹ (Is. XXVI, 19). *Kol Bo* writes that the grass is plucked together with the earth and thrown above the head, alluding to *‘and threw dust upon their heads toward heaven’* (Job. II, 12). Cf. Y. Sota II, 2(18a); Num. R. IX, 20, where the explanation is advanced why in the case of a woman suspected of faithlessness (סוטה) the Torah (Num. V, 12-31) required water, earth and writing in order to test her. ‘Water’ indicates whence a person comes; ‘earth,’ — whither one goes; ‘writing,’ — before whom one is destined to give an account (v. Aboth III, 1). The same symbolism may be seen here. An additional reason is that it alludes to purification from uncleanness through water, ashes and the hyssop (Num. XIX) — *T.H.* Grass may be plucked even on *Ḥol ha-Moed* (the weekday of the Festival). [out of the ground] and cast it behind their back and wash their hands with water.²² When washing the hands one should say, *‘our hands have not shed this blood, neither have our eyes seen it … Forgive, O Lord, Thy people Israel … So shalt thou put away the innocent blood from the* *midst of thee’* (Deut. XXI, 7-9) — *Tur.* The custom to place a glass or vessel containing water in a house of mourning should be abolished, for this is considered a heathen practice. However, a candle or lamp should be lit, for *‘the soul of man is the lamp of the Lord*’ (Prov. XX, 27) — *A.H.* The candle should be lit for the entire seven days of mourning, even when the person died during the Festival in which case mourning rites begin after the Festival, — yet the candle or lamp should be lit forthwith — *Naḥlath Shibah.* *Gloss*: *Some say that* [*after burial*] *they sit down seven times*²³ § 366, n. 1. *because the* [*evil*] *spirits follow him*,²⁴ *and so long as they sit down, they*²⁵ *flee from him*;²⁶ 23 on the authority of *‘some say’* — *G.* *and in these countries the custom prevails to sit down only three times after they have washed their hands, and each time* [*they sit down*] *they say, 'And let the graciousness of the Lord our God be upon us etc.'*²⁷ *'O thou that dwellest in the covert of the most High etc..'*²⁸ XCI, and should be recited seven times as follows: a) until the word כי incl. b) until מלאכיו incl. c) until יצוה incl. d) until לך incl. e) until לשמרך incl. f) until בכל incl. g) until דרכיך incl. — *Ta*Z, *ShaK.* *When the corpse is buried on a Festival, one may six thus three times as on a weekday*.²⁹ — *G.* *Likewise, if one was buried close to* [*the advent of*] *the Sabbath, this is done* [*even*] *on the Sabbath. It is the adopted practice to be particular with one lest he enter another house before he washes* [*his hands*]³⁰.’ *Siddur*. *and sits down three times, and the custom of our ancestors is* [*considered binding*] *law*.³¹ — *G.* For the expression ‘the custom of our ancestors is law,’ v. Men. 20b, *Tosaf.* s.v. נפסל. *In the Midrashim*³² *it is found that one should recite Kaddish*³² *for a father.*³³ on the authority of Tanḥ. (*Noaḥ* II (Bub.); Sifre; *Baḥya* (comment. to *Shofetim* end) on the authority of Mas. Kal. (ed. Coronel pp. 4b, 19b); *B.Yos.* on the authority of Zohar (*Ruth*) ; *Or Zaru‘a* (ed. Jitomir II, 11) on the authority of Tanna debe Eliyahu Rabba — *G.* Cf. also the following sources: Otiyyoth de R. Akiba s.v. zayin; Tanna debe Eliyahu Zuta XII, XVII; *Menorath ha-Maor* I, 1, Pt. II, § 1; *Menashe b. Israel, Nishmath Ḥayyim* II, 27; Test of Abraham a, XIV; San. 104a; Gen. R. § 63; *Sefer Ḥasidim* (ed. Wiztinetzki) n. 32; *J.E.* Vol. VII, p. 401-2. All the above references stress the redeeming powers of the *Kaddish* recited by a son for his father. If one is survived only by daughters, the latter are not permitted to recite the Kaddish in the Synagogue, but they should respond by saying ‘Amen’ when the Kaddish is said in the Synagogue — *P.Tesh.* Cf. *Kol Bo(G*) p. 375, n. 33. *Therefore, it is the adopted practice to recite the last Kaddish* [*concluding the services*]³⁴ recited after עלינו. *twelve months for a father and mother.*³⁵ *Likewise, is it common usage* [*for a mourner*] *to recite the Haftarah*³² *in the Prophets and to lead the services at the evening prayers at the conclusion of the Sabbath, which is the time when the souls* [*of the departed*] *return to Gehenna; and when the* [*mourning*] *son leads the Services and sanctifies* [*the name of God*] *in public, he* [*thereby*] *redeems his father and mother from Gehenna.*³⁶ on the authority of *Hag.* — *G.* *It is the adopted usage to recite Kaddish for one's mother although the father is still living*,³⁷ One may however, say the *Kaddish de Rabbanan* (scholars’ *Kaddish*) — *P.Tesh.* [*and the latter*] *has no right to prevent his son from reciting Kaddish for his mother*.³⁸ in accordance with the accepted custom — *G.* *It is a religious duty to fast on the day that one's father and mother died*.³⁹ and *Kol Bo* — *G.* Cf. Sheb. 20a and *infra* § 378, If one finds it difficult to fast, he should contribute money to the poor. Throughout the twelve month period of mourning one should study Mishna (including the *Yahrzeit* day), for Mishna (משנה) is comprised of the same letters as נשמה (-soul). This has a redeeming influence. [*In the case of*] *three brothers and a stranger*⁴⁰ [*with respect to the rules of precedence concerning the recital of Kaddish, — the law is that*] *the three brothers get* [*priority to recite*] *three Kaddishim*,³² *and the other*⁴¹ *gets* [*priority to recite*] *one Kaddish*.⁴² in unison — *P.Tesh.* *It is customary that when the day on which one's father or mother died, arrives, one always recites the mourner's*⁴³ *Kaddish for them. One who knows how to lead the entire Service should do so. However, if there are other mourners* [*present*], *it is customary that within the seven days of their mourning* [*period*], *they take precedence and he*⁴⁴ *has no* [*priority*] *rights* [*regarding*] *the Kaddish at all; if within* [*their*] *thirty* [*days of mourning*], *he has* [*priority rights to recite*] *one Kaddish;*⁴⁵ takes precedence over one who is within the thirty days of the observance of mourning rites. *Ta*Z. [*if*] *after* [*their*] *thirty* [*days of mourning*], *— all the Kaddishim of that day belong to him.*⁴⁶ based upon *ShaK, Ta*Z and the *Later Authorities:* a) A resident takes precedence over a stranger; b) It is only the first time a stranger comes to the services that he has a right to lead the service and has priority rights to recite one *Kaddish* where the resident has similar rights; c) Some adopt the practice that a stranger is on an equal footing with a resident with respect to *Kaddish*, as long as he is a permanent resident in the city, even if he does not pay taxes; d) One who is within the seven days of his mourning period, whether a resident or a stranger, whether of minority or majority age, takes precedence over the other mourners with respect to all the *Kaddishim* recited, and even if a Festival arrived at which time the seven or thirty days of mourning become annulled (v. *infra* § 399), it does not apply to the recital of *Kaddish.* Furthermore, with respect to *Kaddish* we do not apply the principle ‘that part of the day is considered as the whole day.’ This means that one is regarded to be within his seven or thirty days with respect to the recital of *Kaddish* until seven or thirty complete days have passed. As to the observance of mourning rites, the above principle applies (v. *infra* § 395) ; e) One who is within his thirty days of mourning and one observing *Yahrzeit* each have a right to recite one *Kaddish;* f) One who is within his thirty days of mourning takes precedence over one observing *Yahrzeit*, although the latter has a right to recite one *Kaddish* (v. however, *supra* n. 45) ; g) If there are many observing *Yahrzeit*, the one who is within his thirty days is overridden; h) If there are many observing *Yahrzeit* and one who is within his seven days of mourning, the latter has a right to one *Kaddish* and the others cast lots; i) If there are many who are within their thirty days of mourning, one observing *Yahrzeit* and one within his twelve month period of mourning, the latter is overridden entirely, and all the *Kaddishim* of that day belong to the one observing *Yahrzeit;* j) The *Kaddish* recited after the daily Psalm (שיר של יום) and after the Sabbath Psalm (מזמור שיר ליום השבת) belong to the mourners. In general, the laws of precedence have no fundamental basis in Jewish Law, and nowadays all recite the *Kaddish* — *A.H.* *The seven and thirty* [*days of mourning*] *are counted from the day of burial, even if* [*the mourner*] *had not heard* [*the death report*] *forthwith.*⁴⁷ *Whether a stranger is regarded as one of the townspeople with respect to this Kaddish, we follow the accepted practice.*⁴⁸ on the authority of *MaHaRIL* — *G.* *This* [*above-mentioned*] *Kaddish applies*⁴⁹ *only* [*where it is recited*] *for a father and mother alone, but not* [*in the case of*] *other near-of-kin.*⁵⁰ Z*e’eb* — *G.* *If there is no one present in the Synagogue who is in mourning for one's father or mother, that Kaddish*⁵¹ *may be recited by one who has no father and mother on behalf of all the dead of Israel.*⁵² — *G.* *There are localities where it is customary that other* [*surviving*] *near-of-kin recite Kaddish for their relations where* [*the latter leave*] *no parental mourners; and there are localities where even if there are parental mourners, the other* [*surviving*] *near-of-kin* [*may also*] *recite* [*the Kaddish*], *only that they* [*the latter*] *make a mutual agreement not to recite as many Kaddishim as would the mourners for a father and mother* [*proper*].⁵³, Rt. 44 — *G.* *In this entire* [*matter*] *we follow the accepted custom, provided the custom is fixed in the* [*particular*] *city. The mourners recite Kaddish even on the Sabbath and Festivals*,⁵⁴ Z*e’eb* on the authority of *RI* of *Corbeil* — *G.* One who suffered a bereavement on the Sabbath or Festival at which time it was impossible to bury the corpse, may recite the *Kaddish* on the Sabbath or the Festival, even before the corpse is interred. This ruling, however, does not apply to a weekday, for then he is an *Onen* and is exempt from *Tefillah* etc. (v. *supra* § 341) — *Ta*Z. however, *ShaK* in *Nek*. *ha-Kesef* and also *Ḥid. ha-Gershuni* who oppose *Ta*Z. *but it is not customary for them to lead the services on the Sabbath and Festivals*,⁵⁵ — *G.* This applies likewise to a day on which *Hallel* is recited, unless there is no one available to lead the services or if one is a permanent Congregational reader of prayers. On *Rosh Ḥodesh* and *Ḥol ha-Moed* in the evening, the mourner may lead the services, but not at the morning service — *A.H.* *although there exists no prohibition against* [*this*] *matter. However, during the weekdays, whoever knows how to lead the Services, should do so, and* [*this*] *is* [*even*] *more efficacious than* [*reciting*] *the mourner's*⁴³ *Kaddish, which was instituted* [*originally*] *only for minors*.⁵⁶ are those recited during the services. Those recited at the conclusion of the service, e.g., the Kaddish said after עלינו or the daily Psalm שיר של יום were instituted only for minors. Hence, it is most important for one to lead the services and be afforded the opportunity to recite the *Kaddishim* during the service. Many people err in this and are under the impression that the *Kaddish* recited at the conclusion of the services is fundamental — *A.H.* *And one who knows not how to lead the entire Service, should lead the Service* [*at least*] *from* [*the section beginning with*] *'For the chief musician etc.,'*⁵⁷ *'And a redeemer shall come to* Z*ion etc.'*⁵⁸ is more efficacious than the one concluding the service. *Benjamin* Z*e’eb* — *G.* Should the mourner happen to lead the services in another Synagogue where the version (נוסח) of the service ritual differs from that of his own Synagogue (e.g., if his custom is to pray in the Ashkenazic version and he comes to a Sephardic Synagogue or vice versa), — he is permitted to change to the service ritual of the Synagogue he happens to be in — *Kol Bo*(*G*). *It is the adopted custom to recite Kaddish and lead the Services only for eleven months*⁵⁹ of that day belong to him. However, one observing *Yahrzeit* on that day has a right to one *Kaddish.* *so that* [*children*] *should not consider their father and mother wicked, for the judgment of a wicked person* [*in Gehenna lasts*] *twelve months.*⁶⁰ for twelve months. *If there were mourners present here*,⁶¹ *and later other mourners came, — the latter have* [*priority with respect to*] *the Kaddish and* [*leading*] *the Services throughout the thirty days* [*of their mourning*] *from the day of burial, although* [*the latter*] *did not hear* [*the death report until later*].⁶² *Some say that* [*in the case of*] *an apostate Jew who was murdered by heathens*, [*the law is that*] *his children recite Kaddish for him.*⁶³ and *Benjamin* Z*e’eb* and cf *supra* § 340, 5 — *G.* The reason is that having been murdered his sins are forgiven.

footnotes:
¹⁶ supra
¹⁷ infra
¹⁸ At least four cubits, for the law is that a corpse takes possession of this distance. Cf. supra
³² Glos.
¹⁹ Tur
²⁰ And one says, ‘He remembereth that we are dust
²¹ An allusion to the resurrection of the dead. One says, ‘And they of the city shall flourish like the grass of the earth’
²² This has reference only to one who accompanied the corpse to the cemetery and returned after burial, but not to one who merely escorts the bier and returns before burial — A.H.
²³ supra
²⁴ The corpse.
²⁵ The evil spirits.
²⁶ MaHaRIL Resp.
²⁷ Ps. XC, 17.
²⁸ Ibid.
²⁹ I found this stated in Hag. Minhagim
³⁰ One should not take the burial implements, e.g., the spade or shovel directly from another person’s hands. The same applies to the vessel of water used for washing one’s hands. Those who did not visit the burial grounds for thirty days, say, ‘Blessed be the Lord … who formed you in judgment
³¹ MaHaRIL ibid.
³² Glos.
³² Glos.
³³ Kol Bo; RIBaSh
³⁴ The Kaddish
³⁵ Thereby the souls of one’s parents are redeemed from the torture of the Gehenna. Cf. ‘Ed. II, 10; R.H. 17a.
³² Glos.
³⁶ Kol Bo
³⁷ If both are living one should not say the mourner’s Kaddish.
³⁸ Thus the opinion of B.Yos.
³⁹ RIBaSh
⁴⁰ e., one who is not their brother although he is a resident in the community — ShaK.
³² Glos.
⁴¹ The stranger.
⁴² For we guide ourselves with respect to the rules of precedence in accordance with the living and not the dead. Mourners should recite the Kaddish
⁴³ Lit. ‘orphan’s.’
⁴⁴ The one observing the Yahrzeit.
⁴⁵ Some, however, hold that a Yahrzeit
⁴⁶ The following is a summary of the laws of precedence with respect to the recital of Kaddish
⁴⁷ MaHaRIL — G.
⁴⁸ Agur
⁴⁹ Lit. ‘there is no place … but.’
⁵⁰ Benjamin
⁵¹ e., the mourner’s Kaddish.
⁵² Ibid.
⁵³ MaHaRIK
⁵⁴ Benjamin
⁵⁵ Thus in MaHaRIL Resp.
⁴³ Lit. ‘orphan’s.’
⁵⁶ The fundamental Kaddishim
⁵⁷ Ps.
⁵⁸ ובא לציון. This Kaddish
⁵⁹ Less one day, even if it is a leap year. All the Kaddishim
⁶⁰ One whose father was a wicked person should recite Kaddish
⁶¹ e., at the Synagogue services.
⁶² e., they were not present at the death or burial.
⁶³ RaDaK