## Tosefta Ketubot Chapter 8

###### Tosefta Ketubot 8:1
[Tosefta Ketubot 8:1](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Tosefta%20Ketubot/r/8:1)

אמר ר' יהודה אמרו לפני ר"ג הואיל וארוסה אשתו ונשואה אשתו מה זו מכרה בטל אף זו מכרה בטל אמר להם [בחדשים] אנו בושים אלא שאתם מגלגלין [עלינו] את הישנים אמר ר' חנניא בן עקביא לא כך השיבן ר"ג אלא כך [אמר להם] לא אם אמרתם בנשואה [שהוא] זכאי במציאתה ובמעשה ידיה ובהפרת נדריה תאמרו בארוסה שאין זכאי במציאתה ובמעשה ידיה ובהפרת נדריה.

**Sefaria Community Translation:**
Said Rabbi Yehudah: They said before Rabban Gamliel: His betrothed is [called] "his wife" and his bride is [called] "his wife"—just as this one's [his bride's] sale [of her property] is void [without his permission], so to this one's [his betrothed's] sale is void. He said to them: With new property [that which came to her since she was married to him] we are ashamed [that he has control over it], but you would roll over us old property [that which came to her before she was married to him]!? Said Rabbi Hananya ben Akavya: This is not how Rabban Gamliel replied to them. Rather, he said thus to them: No! [Maybe] you can say [this] about a married woman, for whom he has the legal right to her found objects, her handiwork and to annul her vows, but can you say this about a betrothed woman for whom he had no legal rights to her found objects, her handiwork nor to annul her vows!?


###### Tosefta Ketubot 8:2
[Tosefta Ketubot 8:2](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Tosefta%20Ketubot/r/8:2)

אמרו לו הרי שנפלו לה נכסים עד שלא נשאת ונשאת מהו אמר להם אף זו לא תמכור [אם] מכרה ונתנה קיים אמרו לו הואיל וזו אשתו וזו אשתו מה זו מכרה בטל אף זו מכרה בטל אמר להם [בחדשים] אנו בושים אלא שאתם מגלגלין [להביא] עלינו את הישנים [ורבותינו] חזרו ונמנו בנכסים שנפלו לה עד שלא נשאת [ונשאת] שאם מכרה ונתנה בטל [ר"ש] חולק בין נכסין לנכסין נכסין הידועין לבעל לא תמכור ואם מכרה ונתנה מכרה בטל שע"מ כן נשאה ושאין ידועין לבעל לא תמכור ואם מכרה ונתנה קיים.

**Sefaria Community Translation:**
They said to him [Rabban Gamliel]: What about property that fell to her before she was married and she was [subsequently] married [what rights does the husband have to her property]? He said to them: Even this she shouldn't sell, but if she sold it and gave it, it remains [valid]. They said to him: His betrothed is [called] "his wife" and his bride is [called] "his wife"—just as this one's [his bride's] sale [of her property] is void [without his permission], so to this one's [his betrothed's] sale is void. He said to them: With new property [that which came to her since she was married to him] we are ashamed [that he has control over it], but you would roll over us old property [that which came to her before she was married to him]!? But our rabbis returned and voted about property that fell to her before she was married and [then] was married, that if she sold it and gave it, it is void [without the husband's permission]. Rabbi Shimon distinguishes between two [kinds of] property: Property that is known to the husband, she shouldn't sell it, and if she sold it and gave it, [the sale] is void, for it is with this understanding that she was married; but property that is not known to the husband, she shouldn't sell it (Ehrfurt manuscript omits לא), and if she sold it and gave it, it stands.


###### Tosefta Ketubot 8:3
[Tosefta Ketubot 8:3](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Tosefta%20Ketubot/r/8:3)

היורד לנכסי אשתו ונתן עיניו לגרשה אם קדם ותלש מן הקרקע כל שהוא ה"ז זריז ונשכר. היורד לנכסי [שבוין ושמע שהן ממשמשין ובאין אם קדם ותלש מן הקרקע כל שהוא ה"ז זריז ונשכר אלו] נכסי שבוין כל שהלך אביו או אחיו או אחד מן [היורשין] למדה"י ושמע בהן שמתו וירד לנחלה אלו הן נכסי נטושין כל שלא [שמע בהן] שמתו וירד לנחלה רשב"ג [אומר] שמעתי שהנטושים כשבוין היורד לנכסי רטושין מוציאין מידו.

**Sefaria Community Translation:**
A man who takes possession of his wife's property and [then] decides to divorce her, if he goes first and plucks any amount from the ground [i.e. uses up any amount of the property], behold he is rewarded by his haste [i.e. he gets to keep anything he "plucked"]. One who takes possession of the property of captives and hears about them that they are slowly approaching, if he goes first and plucks any amount from the ground, behold he is rewarded by his haste. This is the property of captives: Anyone whose father or brother or one of his inheritors went to the land beyond the sea, and he heard about them that they died, and he took possession of it as an inheritance [and he may get to keep what he takes]. This is the property of fugitives: Anyone who did not hear about them [his relatives that went to the land beyond the sea] that they died, but he took possession as an inheritance [but he won't get to keep what he took]. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: I heard that fugitives' [property] is the same as captives' [property, in that he gets to keep both, whatever he took]. One who took possession of the property of exiles, they take it from him.


###### Tosefta Ketubot 8:4
[Tosefta Ketubot 8:4](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Tosefta%20Ketubot/r/8:4)

[וכולן שמין להם בעדית אלו הן רטושין כל שאינו יודע מהיכן הן].

**Sefaria Community Translation:**
And for all of the [kinds of property mentioned in the previous halakhah, if he has to return it], they evaluate [the amount the current owner is compensated for the property] as [if he were] a tenant (sic!, based on Tosefta manuscripts). These are the property of exiles: Anything where no one knows where it comes from.


###### Tosefta Ketubot 8:5
[Tosefta Ketubot 8:5](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Tosefta%20Ketubot/r/8:5)

הגנב שנטל מזה ונתן לזה מה שנטל נטל ומה שנתן נתן הגזלן שנטל מזה ונתן לזה מה שנטל נטל ומה שנתן נתן הירדן שנטל מזה ונתן לזה מה שנטל נטל ומה שנתן נתן שטף נהר עצים ואבנים וקורות נטל מזה ונתן לזה אם נתיאשו הבעלים הרי אלו שלו ואם היו בעלים מרדפין אחריהן או שהיו במקום אחר הרי אלו של בעלים.

**Sefaria Community Translation:**
A thief who took from this one and gave to that one—whatever he took is taken, whatever he gave is given. A robber who took from this one and gave to that one—whatever he took is taken, whatever he gave is given. If the Jordan [river] took from this one and gave to this one—whatever it took is taken, whatever it gave is given. If a river carried off trees, stones or beams from this one and gave [them] to this one—if the owner despaired [of getting this property back] then they are his [the finder's]; but if the owner is in pursuit after them, or they are in another place [and thus had no way to know that their property was carried off by the river], then they belong to the owner.


###### Tosefta Ketubot 8:6
[Tosefta Ketubot 8:6](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Tosefta%20Ketubot/r/8:6)

הכותב נכסיו לבנו צריך שיכתוב מהיום ולאחר מיתה דברי ר' יהודה ר' יוסי אומר אינו צריך מפני שזמנו של שטר מוכיח עליו אמר לו ר' יהודה והלא אין זמנו של שטר מוכיח עליו אלא משעה שנכתב [אף] הכותב נכסיו לבנו וחזר וקנה נכסים אחרים כל שלא היה בכלל מתנה ראשונה הרי הוא של יורשים.

**Sefaria Community Translation:**
"One who writes his property to his son, he needs to write for him "From today and after my death"—words of Rabbi Yehudah." Rabbi Yoseh says: "He does not need to since the date in the contract proves it for him." Rabbi Yehudah said to him: "But doesn't the date in the contract only prove from the moment that it was written? One who writes his property to his son and returns and acquires different property, anything that wasn't included in the original gift—this now belongs to the inheritors [and follows the normal rules of inheritance, equal shares to everyone except a double portion for the firstborn, and overrides the gift]."


###### Tosefta Ketubot 8:7
[Tosefta Ketubot 8:7](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Tosefta%20Ketubot/r/8:7)

מכר הבן או שמת האב אם יש שם נכסים מחוברים בקרקע שמין לו. המקבל שדה מחבירו והיא בית השלחין או בית האילן אם יש שם מחוברים בקרקע שמין לו. המקבל שדה מחבירו והגיע שנת השמיטה אם יש שם מחוברין בקרקע שמין לו וכולן שמין להם [בעדית].

**Sefaria Community Translation:**
If the son sold [property written to him by his father for after his death] and (sic! according to Ehrfurt manuscript and most Rishonim, see Lieberman's notes) his father died, if there is property [still] attached to the ground [i.e. that the buyer has not used in the meantime], they evaluate for him [i.e. the property returns to the inheritors, but the buyer gets a certain amount of money as if he were a tenant, see end of this halakhah, also Lieberman and Tosefta Ketubot 8:4 above]. One who receives a field from his fellow [and then the original owner wants it back] which is an irrigated field or orchard [two types of field that are a lot of work to look after], if there is property attached to the ground, they evaluate for him [as a tenant]. One who receives a field from his fellow and the 7th year arrives, if there is property attached to the ground, they evaluate for him. (The following is not in the printed edition but supplied by Ehrfrut manuscript:) One who receives a field from his fellow and the time arrives when he has to leave, if there are [property] attached to the ground, they evaluate for him. And for all of these, they evaluate them as if he were a tenant.


###### Tosefta Ketubot 8:8
[Tosefta Ketubot 8:8](https://torahapp.org/share/book/Tosefta%20Ketubot/r/8:8)

היורד לחורבתו של חבירו ובנאה שלא ברשות כשהוא יוצא אומר תן לי עצי ואבני אין שומעין לו וידו על התחתונה כיצד ידו על התחתונה אם השבח יתר על ההוצאה נותן לו [את] ההוצאה ואם [הוצאה] יתר על השבח נותן לו את השבח.

**Sefaria Community Translation:**
One who takes possession of his fellow's ruin and builds it without permission, when he goes out and says, "Give me my wood and my stone!", they don't listen to him. (The following is defective in the printed edition, translating from the Ehrfurt manuscript:) Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Beit Shammai say: He is allowed to do this; Beit Hillel say: They don't listen to him. One who takes possession of his fellow's ruin and builds it without permission, they evaluate for him and he has the lower hand. With permission, they evaluate for him and he has the upper hand. In what way does he have the lower hand? If the profit is more than the expenses, he pays him the expenses; but if the expenses are more than the profit, he pays him the profit.