[Daniel 5:1] Belshazzar... made a great banquet (עֲבַד֙ לְחֶ֣ם רַ֔ב - avad lechem rav): [Means] he made a feast (עָשָׂה מַאֲכָל - asah ma'achal).

And in the presence of the thousand (וְלׇקֳבֵ֥ל אַלְפָּ֖א - v'lokovel alpá): [Meaning] before/opposite a thousand nobles. [This was] contrary to the protocol (or: custom, rule - מִשׁפָּט - mishpat) of kings.

[Daniel 5:2] Belshazzar... under the influence of the wine (בִּטְעֵם חַמְרָא - bit'em chamra): This [command] was the effect (lit. counsel - עֵצָה - etzah) of the wine that he drank, having become drunk.

His consorts (שֵׁגְלָתֵהּ - sheglateih): [This word shegal means queen or primary consort], like [in the verse]: “and the consort (shegal) sitting beside him” [Nehemiah 2:6]. And she is the mistress/lady designated for the king's bed. And similarly [the related verb form appears in]: “...you shall become engaged to a woman, but another man shall violate her (יִשְׁגָּלֶנָּה - yishgalennah)” [Deuteronomy 28:30], and this refers to the act [of intercourse].

And his concubines (וּלְחֵנָתֵהּ - ul'chenateih): [Meaning] his secondary wives/concubines (פִּילַגְשָׁיו - pilagshav). And behold, he committed two evils: [first,] that everyone drank from the holy vessels, and [second,] that they praised gods of gold, wood, and stone [cf. Daniel 5:4, Daniel 5:23].

[Daniel 5:5] At that moment (בַּהּ־שַׁעֲתָ֗ה), opposite the lampstand (נֶבְרַשְׁתָּ֔א): [The word nebrashta means] a lamp/light (נוּרָה - nurah).

On the plaster (עַל־גִּירָ֕א): [This is] like "limestones" (אַבְנֵי-גִר - avnei-gir) [Isaiah 27:9], and it refers to lime/plaster (הַסִּיד - ha-sid).

Of the wall of the palace (דִּֽי־כְתַ֥ל הֵיכְלָ֖א): [The word k'tal (wall) is] like [in the phrase] "...behind our wall" (אַחַר כָּתְלֵנוּ - achar kotleinu) [Song of Songs 2:9].

The part of the hand (פַּ֥ס יְדָ֖א): [Meaning] a piece/part of a hand (חֲתִיכַת יָד - chatichat yad). And similarly [the word pas appears in]: “May there be abundance (פִּסַּת - pissat) of grain” [Psalms 72:16]; also “a coat of many pieces/colors (פַּסִּים - passim)” [Genesis 37:3]. And all [these usages] are derived from the root meaning [seen in] “for the faithful have vanished (פַּסּוּ - passu)” [Psalms 12:2]. And behold, they saw hands without a body.

[Daniel 5:6] And the joints of (וְקִטְרֵ֤י - v'kitrei): [This refers to] the ligaments/joints (lit. bindings - קִשׁוּרֵי - kishurei) of his loins; they were almost loosened/untied (מֻתָּרִים - mutarim).

Knocked (נָֽקְשָֽׁן - nokshan): In the manner of one touching the other, [like the common biblical idiom] "one to another" (אִשָּׁה אֶל-אֲחוֹתָהּ - ishah el achotah - e.g., Exodus 26:3, describing curtains joined together).

[Daniel 5:7] And the chain (וְהַֽמְנִיכָ֤א - v'hamnikha): [This means] the golden necklace/chain (רְבִיד הַזָּהָב - revid hazahav).

And third (וְתַלְתִּ֥י - v'talti): [Meaning] and he shall rule as the third in the kingdom (וּבַשְּׁלִישִׁית בַּמַּלְכוּת יִשְׁלֹט - u'vashlishit ba'malchut yishlot).

[Daniel 5:9] Were dismayed (מִֽשְׁתַּבְּשִֽׁין - mishtabshin): [This is] according to its literal meaning (כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ - k'mashma'o); like a person who does not know what to do.

[Daniel 5:10] The queen (מַלְכְּתָא): There are those who say [this was] the wife of Nebuchadnezzar.

[Daniel 5:11] Illumination (נַהִיר֧וּ - nahiru): [This word is] like [the Aramaic word for light/illumination found, for example, in Daniel 2:22]: “and light (וּנְהוֹרָא - u’nehora)”.

[Daniel 5:12] To explain riddles (וְאַֽחֲוָיַ֨ת אֲחִידָ֜ן - v'achawayat achidan) [and solve problems (וּמְשָׁרֵ֣א קִטְרִ֗ין - u'm'share kitrin)]: [This means] telling [the meaning of] riddles (מַגִּיד חִידוֹת - maggid chidot) and untying knots (וּמַתִּיר קְשׁוּרִים - u'matir k'shurim).

[Daniel 5:18] You (אַ֖נְתְּ - an’t) [O king]: The meaning [of starting with "You"] is: Listen, you, O king (הַטַּעַם שְׁמַע אַתָּה הַמֶּלֶךְ - ha'ta'am sh'ma atah ha'melech).

[Daniel 5:19] Trembled (זָיְעִ֥ין - zay'in): [This is] like [the phrase in Esther 5:9 describing Mordecai's defiance of Haman]: “and did not move/tremble before him” (וְלֹא-זָע מִמֶּנּוּ - v'lo za mimenu).

[Daniel 5:20] To act presumptuously (לַהֲזָדָה - lahazadah): [Meaning] in a way of insolence/presumption (דֶּרֶךְ זָדוֹן - derech zadon).

And the meaning of [the phrase later in Daniel 5:23] “and whose are all your ways” (וְכֹל אֹרְחָתָךְ לֵהּ - v'chol orchatecha leh) is: that you are in His hand, and He leads you to the place He desires, like the bridle of the horse in the hand of the rider. But Yefet [ben Ali] said [interpreting Daniel 5:23]: "And in your end, you will go to Him," along the lines of [the verse]: “and the spirit returns to God who gave it” [Ecclesiastes 12:7].

[Daniel 5:25] Inscribed (רְשִׁים - r'shim): [Meaning] recorded/inscribed (רָשַׁם - rasham). And like it [is the phrase in Daniel 10:21]: “inscribed in the writing [of truth]” (רָשׁוּם בִּכְתָב - rashum biktav).

MENE (מְנֵא): [Signifies that] everything that is counted (יְסֻפַּר - y'suppar) [or] numbered (יֵחָשֵׁב - yechashev). Furthermore, the word UPHARSIN (וּפַרְסִין) has two [meanings implied by the singular Peres]: The first PERES (פְּרֵס) relates to breaking/dividing (פְּרִיסַת - p'risat), [signifying] the breaking/division of his kingdom and its cutting off (כְּרִיתוּתָם - k'ritutam). And the second PERES (פֶּרֶס) relates to Persia (פָּרַס - Paras), from [the common phrase like in Daniel 6:9, Daniel 6:13, Daniel 6:16; Esther 1:3, etc.] “Media and Persia” (מָדַי וּפָרַס - Madai uFaras). Therefore, he [Daniel] said [in the interpretation, Daniel 5:28]: “and it is given to the Medes and Persians” (וִיהִיבַת לְמָדַי וּפָרָס - viyhivath l'Madai uFaras).

[Daniel 5:30] Was killed (קְטִיל - k'til): [Means] was slain (נֶהֱרַג - nehĕrag). Like [the usage in Job 24:14]: “he murders (יִקְטֹל - yiktol) the poor and needy”.