Preface: The general rule is that omitting one of the prayers requires a make-up-prayer. This will compensate for having omitted a tefillah, but only where the omission occurred unwillingly (אוֹנֵס) or unintentionally (שׁוֹגֵג). But if one willfully and deliberately omitted a tefillah, there is no way to compensate. An important fact to keep in mind while studying this chapter: The compensation tefillah is performed by repeating the particular tefillah that is due at that time. For example, if at Maariv one compensates for an omitted Mincha, he does this by praying two Maariv Shemoneh Esrei's. Due to this, a number of unique situations arise: e. g. Omitting Mincha on Friday afternoon requires two Maariv Shemoneh Esreis on Friday night, both, being the Shabbos eve *Shemoneh Esreis.*This chapter discusses the form this compensation takes as well as what is considered deliberate and what is considered unintentional and unwilling. It has already been explained (in Chapter Eighteen) that if [you allowed] the time of tefillah to pass intentionally, there is no compensation. But if [it was] unintentional, or due to something beyond your control, that you did not pray, or [if you did pray, but] erred in your tefillah in a way that requires that you repeat the tefillah,¹ had passed. [then] you may compensate for it following the next tefillah.² or erred at Shacharis then you must compensate at Minchah; if you missed Minchah then you compensate at Maariv etc. You must first pray the tefillah that is due at that time and [only] afterwards the make-up tefillah, for example: if you did not pray the Shacharis tefillah, then when the time for Minchah arrives, you first pray a tefillah for Minchah, followed by the Tachanun prayer, and immediately afterwards you should say Ashrei, and then pray another Shemoneh Esrei for the sake of [the omitted] Shacharis. [Similarly] if you omitted Minchah, then you should first say the Maariv prayer, and then pause only for the time it takes to walk four amos, do not say Ashrei, but, immediately, pray the Shemoneh Esrei prayer for the sake of [the omitted] Minchah. [Similarly] if you omitted Maariv, then after the Shacharis prayer you should say Tachanun and Ashrei, and [then] pray the Shemoneh Esrei prayer for the sake of Maariv. After that you should say Lamenatzeiach and Uva letzion, etc. You may not eat until you also complete the make-up tefillah, which is for the sake of Maariv.

footnotes: ¹ And you first became aware of your error after the time for this teflllah ² E.g. if you missed Shacharis

If you did not pray when there was time to pray, because you thought that there would still be time after you finished whatever you were doing, but in the meantime the time [for prayer] passed; similarly, if you were preoccupied in business matters, in order to prevent a loss, and as a result the time for prayer passed, [then] despite the fact that it is prohibited to allow the time of prayer to pass [merely] to avoid a monetary loss, nevertheless, it is considered oneis, (an extreme situation) and you may make up the missed prayer. Similarly if as a result of intoxication³ of alcohol disallows prayer until the effects have dissipated. See glossary for correct equivalent in ounces. you were not permitted to pray, you are considered an oneis, despite the fact that drinking is prohibited once the time for prayer has arrived.

footnotes: ³ Even a revi’is

Compensation for [an omitted] prayer is valid only at the very next tefillah, but if the delay was greater, [compensation] is no longer possible. For example: if you did not pray Shacharis and Minchah, then compensation for Minchah is possible [immediately] after Maariv, but for Shacharis, compensation is not possible, since two periods of prayer have passed [and] you failed to pray [Shacharis], neither at its (Shacharis') designated time nor at the time of Minchah.⁴.

footnotes: ⁴ Allowing two periods of prayer to pass without praying is considered negligent. Thus, you no longer have the privilege of compensating for the omitted tefillah

However, on a day when there is an additional Musaf prayer,⁵—an additional tefillah corresponding to special sacrifices that were brought on festive days; e.g. Shabbos, Rosh Chodesh, Yom Tov etc. if you omitted Shacharis [unintentionally], you may compensate for it after the Minchah prayer,⁶ and Minchah. (because the period for Musaf extends, as a last resort, until nightfall as does [the period] for Minchah; as a result, two periods of tefillah have not passed).⁷ have actually taken place since Shacharis, nevertheless, only one period of prayer has passed, since the times allotted for Musaf and Minchah are identical—from midday until nightfall. But, after the Musaf prayer you may not compensate for [the omitted] Shacharis, (because having already mentioned the Musaf sacrifice, it is inappropriate as a make up for the Shacharis prayer).⁸ would be required, the compensatory Shemoneh Esrei, with the focal point on the special additional sacrifices, is not fitting as compensation for Shacharis. But, if the Shacharis period has not yet passed, you may still pray the Shacharis prayer despite already having prayed Musaf.

footnotes: ⁵ Musaf ⁶ Despite having already prayed two tefillos—Musaf ⁷ Although two tefillos ⁸ Since, as mentioned in the preface to this chapter, two Musaf Shemoneh Esreis

The omitted tefillah can be made up only at the time of the next tefillah, but not after the time of the next tefillah. For example: if much time has elapsed since you prayed the tefillah which was due at that time, you can no longer pray the compensatory tefillah for the one omitted, because [the Sages] instituted compensation for the omitted tefillah only at the time you are occupied with the prayer due then, because [only] while being occupied with prayers can you also make up [for] what you missed.⁹, however, so long as the time for prayer has not passed, you may make up the prayer you missed. [The ideal thing to do is to make the following condition—“If I am obligated for this prayer, then it is to fulfill my obligation; if not, it is a voluntary prayer.]

footnotes: ⁹ According to Mishnah Berurah

The make-up tefillah that you pray must be the same as the tefillah that is due at that time. For example, if you omitted Mincha on Friday afternoon, [then] you pray two Shabbos-Maariv tefillos at Maariv, notwithstanding the fact that the second tefillah comes as compensation for a weekday tefillah, nevertheless, since now (at the time of the make-up tefillah) it is Shabbos, you pray a Shabbos tefillah. If [being ignorant of the above halachah] you said a weekday tefillah as compensation you must repeat [the Shabbos] Shemoneh Esrei. Similarly, on the day preceeding Rosh Chodesh, if you omitted Minchah [then] you pray two Maariv Shemoneh Esreis and at both you say Ya'aleh ve'yavo.¹⁰ despite the fact that this Shemoneh Esrei is compensation for a Shemoneh Esrei that did not require Ya’aleh ve’yavo. If you omitted Maariv on Rosh Chodesh, requiring you to pray two Shacharis tefillos, and if you inadvertently omitted Ya'aleh ve'yavo¹¹ would not require a repetition of Shemoneh Esrei (See chapter 19, para. 10). even during the second [Shemoneh Esrei]¹². you must repeat the Shemoneh Esrei; (despite the fact that it is compensation for the night¹³. and, then, [had you omitted Ya'aleh ve'yavo] you were not required to repeat [the tefillah], nevertheless, now it is day.¹⁴ during a daytime Shemoneh Esrei requires repeating the tefillah.) If you omitted Minchah, on Shabbos here, too, you pray two weekday [Shemoneh Esreis] at Maariv. However [in this case] there is a difference [regarding] the Atah Chonantanu¹⁵ at the conclusion of Shabbos. prayer. In the first Shemoneh Esrei you should say Atah Chonantanu, but in the second prayer, you do not say it.¹⁶ is a Maariv Shemoneh Esrei when Atah Chonantanu is required. The reason for this is since Atah Chonantanu is like the Havdalah¹⁷—a blessing recited upon the conclusion of Shabbos denoting the separation of the holy (Shabbos) and the profane (weekdays). blessing, and Havdalah is not said twice in tefillah.¹⁸ on Shabbos, Rosh Chodesh and Yom Tov where each tefillah requires that special prayer, Havdalah—signifying the distinction between Shabbos and the weekdays (or Yom Tov and the weekdays)—need only be said once (Magen Avraham 108:13). The same applies in the opposite situation: If you omitted Maariv at the conclusion of Shabbos, [then,] you pray two Shacharis Shemoneh Esreis and during the make-up prayer say Atah Chonantanu, because originally it was instituted that Havdalah be said during Shemoneh Esrei.

footnotes: ¹⁰ You say Ya’aleh ve’yavo ¹¹ For the times when omitting Ya’aleh ve’yavo ¹² The make-up tefillah ¹³ I.e. Maariv ¹⁴ And omitting Ya’aleh ve’yavo ¹⁵ An additional prayer said at Maariv ¹⁶ Despite the fact that the second Shemoneh Esrei ¹⁷ Havdalah ¹⁸ Unlike the special prayers added to the Shemoneh Esrei

If you erred at Minchah on Rosh Chodesh by omitting Ya'aleh ve'yavo, and the following day it is not Rosh Chodesh, and as a result, even if you pray two [Shemoneh Esreis] at Maariv, you will gain nothing, since you can no longer say Ya'aleh ve'yavo, and you already prayed once without Ya'aleh ve'yavo, therefore, you do not pray a make-up tefillah at all.¹⁹ you did pray, albeit without Ya’aleh ve’yavo. Subsequently, all that is lacking is Ya’aleh ve’yavo, and since at the make-up prayer you won’t compensate for Ya’aleh ve’yavo—it no longer being Rosh Chodesh—therefore, no compensation is possible. According to Mishnah Berurah, however, even if it is a regular weekday, you should make up the prayer with the condition as stated in note 9.

footnotes: ¹⁹ Explanation: At Minchah

Regarding the Musaf prayer—although its time period is the entire day (till nightfall), thereby making Maariv the next tefillah,²⁰ period and the start of the Maariv period. nevertheless it [musaf] cannot be compensated at night, because the musaf prayer was instituted based on the verse.²¹ "Let the offerings of our lips replace bullocks,"²² prayer substitutes for the Musaf sacrifices. and once the time has passed the sacrifice can no longer be brought.²³ prayer takes place after nightfall when the Musaf sacrifices can no longer be sacrificed. It is, therefore, too late to compensate.

footnotes: ²⁰ Since there is no interruption between the end of the Musaf ²¹ Hosea 14:3. ²² The people of Israel ask that their prayers be accepted in place of the sacrifices that can no longer be brought because of the destruction of the Temple. In effect, our prayers substitute for our sacrifices. Thus, the Musaf ²³ The Maariv

If you require two Shacharis tefillos²⁴ the previous evening. or two Minchah tefillos,²⁵ that morning. and you are the chazzan, you fulfill your obligation with the repeating of Shemoneh Esrei aloud.²⁶ omitted the previous prayer, they cannot depend on the chazzan’s repetition of the Shemoneh Esrei to exempt them from the make-up prayer, but each must do so on his own. (Pri Megadim 108:1).

footnotes: ²⁴ Having omitted Maariv ²⁵ Having omitted Shacharis ²⁶ Having in mind that this is your make-up prayer, in addition to the regular intent that a chazzan must have to exempt those worshippers who are unable to pray on their own.Note: If an entire minyan

If you are in doubt as to whether or not you prayed, in our time (since a voluntary Shemoneh Esrei²⁷ provided you add something new (צָרִי לְחַדֵשׁ בָּה דָבָר) i.e. you must pray for something that you have not prayed for before. The laws for “adding something new” are complicated and controversial. It is, therefore, advisable to refrain from “voluntary prayer” if at all possible. (For details of Tefillas Nedavah see Shulchan Aruch Chapt. 107). is not said) you do not repeat the tefillah.

footnotes: ²⁷ תְּפִלַת נְדָבָה—“a voluntary prayer.” Our sages permitted praying a voluntary Shemoneh Esrei