ויחנטו הרופאים, “the physicians embalmed.” The technique of embalming consisted of perfuming the body with a variety of spices, similar to what is written concerning King Assa of Yehudah in Chronicles II 16,14: “he was laid in a resting place which was filled with spices of all kinds, expertly blended.” This took place after the body had been washed. The wording ויחנטו which is transitive, indicates that the physicians ordered others who had expertise in that science to perform this task whereas they themselves did not touch Yaakov’s body.

שבעים יום, “for seventy days.” Forty days embalming followed by thirty days of mourning.

ויעברו ימי בכיתו, “when the days of weeping for him passed.” This verse teaches that one must not spend more than thirty days mourning for the loss of even the greatest leaders of Israel. We certainly did not have a greater leader than Moses and he too was mourned for thirty days, no more (Deut. 34,8). There is a tradition that the sages at the time of the death of Rabbi Yehudah Ha-Nassi first wanted to observe a whole year of mourning until they found these verses and deduced that this would be excessive and disrespectful to both Yaakov and Moses (compare Ketuvot 103).

בקברי אשר כריתי לי, “in the grave which I have hewn for myself.” According to the plain meaning of the text, the word כריתי is the same as in Exodus 21,33 כי יכרה איש בור, “if someone digs a pit.”

According to Shemot Rabbah 31,16 the meaning of the word כריתי is related to כרי, “a big heap,” and means that Yaakov took a great heap of silver and gave it to Esau to ensure that he, as the senior son of Yitzchak, would not demand to be buried in Machpelah. The word then means “I have legally acquired my grave by paying a lot of money for the site.”

ויעל יוסף לקבור את אביו, “Joseph went up in order to bury his father.” We find that nine groups of people traveled to Canaan to bury Yaakov and to eulogise him. These nine categories of people are hinted at in the text as follows:

1. Joseph went up to bury his father (verse 7).
2. All the servants of Pharaoh went up with him, i.e. the ministers;
3. the elders of Pharaoh’s palace.
4. The elders of the land of Egypt;
5. the whole household of Joseph, (verse 8) his wife and her servant maids and the children.
6. Joseph’s brothers;
7. his father’s household;
8. a military escort (verse 9) traveling in chariots.
9. A cavalry escort.

ויעל עמו גם רכב גם פרשים, “also chariots and horsemen went up with him (Joseph).” This was a security escort aimed at Esau and his sons. Joseph was well aware of the wickedness of Esau and his family. Already Flavius Josephus recorded in his history of the Jewish people (chapter 2) that Tzefo, (Genesis 36,11) a son of Eliphaz, oldest son of Esau began a quarrel regarding Yaakov’s right to be buried at Machpelah. This quarrel erupted into open warfare with Joseph and his troops emerging victorious. He captured this Tzefo and brought him to Egypt where he and other supporters of his remained incarcerated until Joseph died. When Joseph died, this Tzefo escaped from prison and migrated to Campagne, ruling over certain Roman tribes until eventually he ruled over all of Greece and Italy. He became the first king in Rome and built the first temple there. This is why the Torah reported here that apart from all the entourage who traveled all the way to Canaan to bestow honour on Yaakov there was a also a sizable military contingent whose purpose was defensive.

ויהי המחנה כבד מאד, “it was a very imposing camp.” Perhaps the Torah also alludes to a parallel camp in the celestial regions, angels that came to guard Yaakov in death just as they had stood watch over him in life. They were the angels previously mentioned in Genesis 32,3 where they had been called “the camp of G’d.” This may be why the Torah described this entourage as כבד מאד, (in two separate words) so that the first letters in the line ויהי המחנה כבד מאד yield both the number 26 (numerical value of י-ה-ו-ה ) using the letter ו from ויהי, and the letter כ from כבד as well as the letter ה from המחנה and the letter מ from מאד to allude to the name of G’d amounting to 45 (when you write the letters in the Ineffable Name as words, i.e. יוד-הא-ואו הא.)

גרן האטד, “Goren ha-Atad.” “The threshing floor of thorns.” This obviously does not make any sense as no one requires a threshing floor for threshing thorns. We must assume that the place was called such, just as we find that there was a place called גורן כידון, “the threshing ground of a spear” (Chronicles I 13,9). This too does not make sense in terms of the purpose of that threshing floor. Perhaps that threshing floor was surrounded by a large number of spears seeing that David said to Goliath: “you are confronting me with the sword, the spear, and the lance” (Samuel I 17,45).

ויספדו שם מספד גדול וכבד מאד, “they held there a very great and solemn eulogy.” There were nine types of eulogies (corresponding to the nine categories of mourners who had come from Egypt). In Hebrew they are known as מספד, נהי, צעקה, הילל, נידה, מרזה, קינים, הגה, והי. [The author proceeds to quote verses from Scripture showing that these various terms for “eulogy” occur scattered throughout the Bible. Ed.]

The point made by the author why so many different expressions exist for the word “eulogy” is that eulogies must take into consideration how the one eulogizing the dead related to him. 1) He must acknowledge how he benefited from the deceased’s being alive. 2) He must explain what he has lost through the death of the departed, etc. 3) He must list how the deceased enriched other people’s lives while he had been able to-do so. 4) If the deceased was a scholar, the eulogy must mention how his scholarship was unique and how the world has sustained a loss in terms of its absence forthwith. These and (5) more aspects of Yaakov’s life all formed part of the eulogies delivered on that occasion. [I have abbreviated here somewhat as the reader may surmise. Ed.] אבל שבעת ימים, “a mourning period of seven days.” These seven days of mourning were observed prior to Yaakov’s burial. We know this from verse 13 which follows and tells us: “his sons carried towards the land of Canaan and buried him there in the field of the cave of Machpelah, etc.” The mourning which we observe as a Biblical commandment always takes place after the funeral.

כאשר צום, “as he had commanded them.” Yaakov had told his sons (compare Tanchuma Bamidbar 12) “be careful with my bier and do not allow any of the Canaanites to touch it. You should carry my bier according to the following procedure: ‘Yehudah, Issachar and Zevulun to the east; Reuven, Shimon and Gad from the south; Ephrayim, Menashe and Binyamin from the west; Dan, Asher and Naftali from the north.” Joseph was not to carry the bier as he was a king. Levi was not to carry the bier as in the future he was slated to carry G’d’s Holy Ark, and it is not fitting that anyone who carries the Ark of G’d should carry the ark of a dead person. Yaakov added that if his sons were to abide by his instructions G’d would reward them with flags in the desert. This is what our sages (Rashi on verse 13) referred to when they said that this is why the Torah reports: “his sons carried him;” his grandsons did not participate in that task.

וכל העולים אתו, “and all those who had been going up with him.” This verse contains an allusion to the fierce fighting which preceded Yaakov’s burial in the cave of Machpelah. This is why it was necessary for the Torah to report that all of Joseph’s family returned to Egypt in peace. Not a single person who had engaged in honoring Yaakov by traveling to Canaan to bury him came to any harm. When the brothers had fought against Shechem and had subsequently been engaged in a battle with the Emorites they also did not sustain any casualties. To make this point, the Torah had written (Genesis 35,6) “Yaakov came to Luz which is in the land of Canaan,...he and all those with him.” The addition of these words at the end of the verse were also meant to hint that the family had not sustained any casualties.

אחרי קברו את אביו, “after they had buried his father.” Why did the Torah suddenly mention Joseph’s part in the burial when the Torah had already stated earlier that Joseph had gone up to bury his father? Moreover, when the Torah reported that “Yaakov’s sons carried his bier,” surely this included Joseph?

The reason that the Torah reports Joseph’s return from that journey at this point may be so that people should not have any doubts about Joseph discharging his oath to his father. In order to make this point quite clear the Torah here describes the return of Joseph in terms which makes it sound as if the entire procession was Joseph’s doing exclusively. To make this point clear the Torah used the singular when reporting that Joseph קברו את אביו, as if to say: “Joseph personally and single-handedly buried his father.”

ויבך יוסף בדברם אליו, “Joseph wept when they were speaking to him.” As soon as the brothers merely mentioned the name of their father Joseph already started weeping. This was due to the great love he had for his now departed father. This stirred his sense of compassion, especially seeing that his brothers asked his forgiveness. The Torah does not spell out that Joseph actually forgave his brothers. Our sages (Bava Kama 92) point out that if a person has wronged his fellow man and regrets this wrong and determines not to act in the manner which had offended his fellow man he is not forgiven by G’d until after he has made an effort to obtain forgiveness by the aggrieved party first. At any rate, the Torah is not on record anywhere that Joseph did forgive his brothers. This was the reason why the sin committed against Joseph resulted in the ten martyrs being executed by torture at the hands of the Romans.

I tend to think that of the word פשע in this verse contains an allusion. This sin could be divided into two parts. 1) the sin of the brothers including the unwitting part of it in their capacity as Joseph’s brothers. 2) The sin in their capacity as servants of the Lord G’d whom their father Yaakov revered. Had the Torah not wanted to hint that part of those sins had not been forgiven it should have written merely ועתה שא נא לפשעם, “and now, please, do forgive their sin (sing.).”

The wording before us appears to make G’d’s forgiveness conditional on Joseph’s forgiveness. In other words: “if you Joseph forgive the sin of the brothers against you, then I G’d, will be able to forgive their sin seeing they are servants of the same G’d as your father Yaakov.” The concise meaning of the verse is: “the sin of the servants of your father’s G’d is the one they committed against their brother.”

אל תיראו כי התחת אלוקים אני, “do not fear! For am I instead of G’d?” He meant that the reason they did not have to be afraid of him was that he himself was a G’d-fearing man. He implied, as explained by Onkelos who uses the word דחלא — “real fear”, that even if he were bent on retaliation this would only backfire as G’d would punish him in turn. The letter ה at the beginning of the word התחת must not be understood as introducing a question but as part of Joseph conception of “fear of the Lord.” If one “fears” the Lord it is because one knows that He returns tit for tat. We have other examples where such letters ה which at first glance appear to introduce a question do not in fact do so. Compare Samuel I 2,27 הנגלה נגליתי אל בית אביך. The translation of these words is clearly not: “did I appear in the house of your father?” Rather these words need to be translated as: “I revealed Myself to your father’s house.” Joseph repeated the words “do not be afraid,” in both verse 19 and 21. The first “fear” he spoke of was the brothers’ fear of him; the second fear he spoke of was the fear of the famine which had started again. This is why he added immediately, (concerning their second fear) “I will provide for you.” (Compare my comments on Genesis 47,14).

וינחם אותם וידבר אל לבם, “he comforted them and spoke to their heart.” Rashi has this to say about these words of comfort: Joseph demonstrated to the brothers how his own status had been made more secure by their very existence. As long a they had not come to Egypt he had been suspected of being a slave who by a quirk of fate had risen to power. Ever since the arrival of his brothers such an accusation could not be sustained. If he were to revenge himself on them now these same people would conclude that they had not really been his brothers at all but had been hired by him to play that part in order to legitimise himself as a free man. After all, who would believe that he killed his actual brothers!? Moreover, from a logical point of view, if the ten of them had been unable to extinguish his light, how could he single-handedly hope to extinguish their collective lights?

וירא יוסף לאפרים בני שלשים, “Joseph lived long enough to see three generations of his son Ephrayim.” The true meaning is that whereas Joseph saw three generations from his son Menashe, he saw four generations from his son Ephrayim (Ephrayim plus his great grandson). This is based on the word בני being a possessive of the word שלשים. [However, according to the cantillation, the tipcha under the word בני means it belongs to the word אפרים, Ed.] There is some allusion to this fertility of Ephrayim in Yaakov’s blessing who foresaw greater things for Ephrayim than for Menashe. Concerning the latter Yaakov had said that “he too would develop into a nation,” the implication being that it would take him longer, i.e. more years to do so The word גם in the line גם בני מכיר בן מנשה indicate that Menashe also lived in Joseph’s home; however, seeing that Joseph loved Menashe better than Ephrayim, the Torah mentions the fact that Menashe’s grandchildren were born on Joseph’s knees rather than those of Ephrayim. The מכיר named here was actually Gilead, son of Machir, son of Menashe. He was the grandfather of Tzelofchod (Numbers 27,1). The Torah wanted to show that Joseph raised righteous people in his own home, people who in turn produced daughters of outstanding caliber such as the daughters of Tzelofchod.

וישבע יוסף את בני ישראל, “Joseph made the children of Israel swear an oath.” Actually, we would have expected the Torah to write: “Joseph adjured his brothers.” However, he made even later generations take this oath as he did not know precisely when the opportunity would come to keep this oath. This is why Moses felt duty-bound to raise Joseph from his grave before the Israelites left the country and to take his bones with them (compare Exodus 13,19). The meaning of the verse there is that Moses felt that unless he located Joseph’s remains and took them with, the entire nation would be guilty of not honoring their oath.

Joseph had the extraordinary merit that 600,000 men all functioned as his pall bearers throughout the many years they were in the desert until finally they laid him to rest at Shechem (Joshua 24,32). It is a well known tradition that the righteous are buried when they have been accompanied by a mass funeral cortege. Our sages (Ketuvot 17) elaborated saying: “as his arrival so his exit.” [The arrival refers to the Torah being given in the presence of 600,000 people. It is fitting that when someone who personifies the Torah leaves this earth that he should also be accompanied by a similar number of people. Ed.].

והעליתם את עצמותי מזה, “you will bring my bones up from this. ” He meant “from this place.” Some commentators claim that each tribe took with them the remains of their respective founders, i.e. that the remains of all of Yaakov’s sons were eventually buried in ארץ ישראל. (Compare Pesikta d'Rav Kahane in Beshalach.)

וימת יוסף בן מאה ועשר שנים “Joseph died at the age of one hundred and ten.” According to the Talmud (Sotah 9), Joseph, who had buried his father, received his reward in that someone greater than either he or his father, namely Moses, took care of his earthly remains. Exodus 13,19 relates that Moses took the remains of Joseph. This was not as simple as it seems, and our sages (Tanchuma Beshalach 2) describe how Moses lowered a plate or piece of parchment on which he had written “arise ox” into the river Nile. He called out: “Joseph, Joseph, your brethren are about to be redeemed and your absence is delaying the Presence of G’d from moving with us. If you want to be redeemed and to join our journey, arise! If you fail to arise now, we will be free from the oath you have made us swear to take you along.” All of this had become necessary because the Egyptians had placed Joseph’s body in a metal coffin and had hidden it by lowering it into the river Nile to prevent the Israelites from having access to it. This is the deeper meaning of the final words of the Book of Genesis ויישם בארון במצרים, “he was placed in a coffin in Egypt.” Moses also received a reward for having performed these rites on Joseph by Someone greater than he when G’d Himself buried him (Deut. 34,6). This teaches us that anyone who engages in the performance of מצות can look forward to great reward. Such a reward may accrue to him many years after he performed the good deed in question. If he did not receive his reward for the מצוה while alive on earth, he may be sure that his deed has been recorded by G’d and he will receive the appropriate reward in the hereafter. These considerations are another reason for encouraging people to perform מצות with eagerness instead of dragging their feet while doing so. However, one must be careful not to perform these מצות in order to become known as a pious individual or in order to reap the benefit in terms of honor received by one’s peers. The performance of מצות should only be designed to confer honor on G’d and His Holy Name. The psalmist (Psalms 131,3) expressed it best when he said: ”O Israel wait for the Lord now and forever.” We also have a verse in Psalms 31,25: “be strong and of good courage, all you who wait for the Lord.” A third verse conveying a similar message is found in Jeremiah 17,7: “Blessed is he who trusts in the Lord, whose trust is in the Lord alone.” Finally, Isaiah 26,4 conveys the same message when he wrote: “Trust in the Lord forever and ever, for in The Lord G’d you have an everlasting Rock.”