The subject of this Mishnah: "ראוהו בית דין וכל ישראל או שנחקרו העדים ולא הספיקו לומר:/the Jewish court/Bet Din had seen it or the entire Jewish people had seen and he witnesses were examined, but they didn’t manage to proclaim [that the New Moon is sanctified]. Because since the Bet Din saw it or the the entire Jewish people, it would aise in our minds that it does not require sanctificatio since the matter is well known/attested, therefore, it comes to inform you that nevertheless it is necessary to state, “It is sanctified, It is Sanctified,” and then that day will be Rosh Hodesh. It might arise in our minds that it is like that an individual who is an expert is permitted to judge even though the essense of laws is with three judges as will be explained in its place (see Tractate Sanhedrin, Chapter 1, Mishnah 1 and folio 5a, so too it is permitted to sanctify the New Moon with an individual [witness], therefore it coes to inform you that this is not the case other than with three [judges] or more according to what God said (Exodus 12:1): “The LORD said to Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, etc., as we have explained above (see Tractate Rosh Hashanah, Chapter 1, Mishnah 7). And similarly it might arise in our minds that since the witnesses were examined during the day and their testimony was confimred on the thirtieth day that they saw it (i.e., the New Moon) the previous evening it became clear that that day was Rosh Hodesh een though the Bet Din did not manage to declar, “It is sanctified, It is sanctified” other than at night on the night of the thirty-first [of the previous month], and their statement that will be “that it is sanctified, that it is sanctified” is like a close of legal proceedings, because the general principle among us is that the close of the legal proceedings can be at night (see Tractate Sanhedrin 32a), therefore, it comes to inform us tha the Sanctification of the New Moon should not be at night in any manner because Scripture calls it a judgement and it is stated (in Psalms 81:5): “For it is a law for Israel, a ruling of the God of Jacob." and a law/judgement cannot be other than during the daytime, for behold God said (Deuteronomy 21:5): “and every lawsuit and case of assault is subject to their ruling,” Just as the seeing/examination of “plagues” (called “assault” in the JPS translation of the verse) is during the daytime and not at night, even judgements are during the daytime and not at night(see Tractate Sanhedrin 34b and see also Tractate Yevamot 104b and Tractate Nidah 3a). for the examination of plagues does not take place other than during the daytime, as it states (Leviticus 13:14): “But as soon as undiscolored flesh appears in it, he shall be impure” (where the words"וביום הראות בו" are literally translated as “during the day when it appears in it), during the daytime but not at night. And therefore, Rosh Hodesh will be on the thirty=first day, and the month that has completed will be a leap month, meaning to say, thirty days, and even though the New Moon appeared on the night of the thirtieth day since the New Month was not sanctified on the thirtieth day (see Tractate Rosh Hashanah 25b). aNd from what you need to know that the New Moon appeared at its proper time, which is at the end of the twenty-ninth [day] and there remains a delay during the daytime in order to state, “It is Sanctified, It is Sanctified,” prior to the appearance of the stars , this is mpermitted even though the sun had already set, because among us, night is not other than with the coming out of the stars, as we have explained in the Second Chapter of [Tractate] Shabbat (Mishnah 6; see also the Laws of the Sanctification of the New Moon, Chapter 2, Halakha 9). And I have mentioned to you this inorder that you should not think tha tht eh Sanctificarion of the New Moon should never be other than on the thirtieth day [of the month] but that it is possible that it will be before the night of the thirtieth [day] as we have explained.

The calling of the horn of a cow a horn is the word of God (Deuteronomy 33:17): “Like a firstling bull in his majesty, He has horns like the horns of the wild-ox.” But the Sages pleaded on Rabbi Yossi with this when they said to him that arll of the Shofarot ae called “a horn” and were called a Shofar, [but] that of a cow is called a horn but is never called a shofar (see Tractate Rosh Hashanah 26a). And the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yossi.

This order did not exist other than in the Temple, as it states (Psalms 98:6): “With trumpets and the blast of the horn raise a shout before the LORD, the King.” But when one is not in the Temple, one does not blow other than with a Shofar alone on Rosh Hashanah. And we don’t blow on fast days other than with trumpets alone (see Tractate Rosh Hashanah 27a) . And they made (see the legal decsion in the Laws of Fasts, Chapter 1, Halakha 1 – which is a unique commandment) the commandments of the day of a fast with trumpets because a fast day is not other than because of the troubles of a commnunity, and behold God stated (Numbers 10:9): “[When you are at war in your land] against an agressor who attacks you, oyou shall sound short blasts on the trumpets, [that you may may be dremembered before the LORD your God and be delivered from your enemies].”]

בתקיעה– that is to say the number of blasts of the Shofar

ובברכות – meaning to say the number of blessings that are in the Amidah, and its number will be explained. And it stated [in the Mishnah] above that the Shofar of Rosh Hashanah is of an ibex, but this is not the Halakha, and similarly, the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yehudah. And the Decided Halakha is that the Shofar of the the Jubilee [Year] and of Rosh Hashanah is of bent males (see Tractate Rosh Hashanah 26a).

נסדק פסול – if it (i.e., the Shofar) is split/cut off lengtgh-wise, but if it is split width-wise after the place of of the split that the measurement of the Shofar is enough in order that he can hold it in his hand and it exudes to here and to there, it is fit/kosher *see Tractate Rosh Hashanah 27b). But there are in its piercing/perforating differences in the laws, and it is that one must stop up the perforation, but if one stopped it up with its own kind and there remained in ti the majority that was whole without a perforation, and the holes did not prevent the sounding [of the Shofar] as it explains, it is fit/appropriate. But if one closed it up with something that is not of its kind, it is invalid (and see that Maimonides decreed the same thing in the Laws of Shofar, Chapter 1, Halakha 5).

ובור- it is a trench/ditch in the body of the ground.

וחדות- a pool/cistern whose walls are high over the ground (see also Maimonides’ explanation in Tractate Kelim, Chapter 5, Mishnah 6 and also in the Laws of Selling, Chapter 25, Halakha 2).

פיטם – a large earthenware vessel , and it is outside of the ditch/trench that we mentioned.

אם קול הברה שמע לא יצא- but those who are within the trench/ditch fulled their religious obligations, and the person who sounds the Shofar must intent dto fulfill the religious obligations of those who hear it and further the listener must intned to fulfill his [own] religious obligation [by hearing the sound of the person blowing the Shofar] and he fulfills his religious obligation. And the reason that the Mishnah did not make the condition here regarding religious intentionality informs us that because he is the Hazzan of the synagogue, and the representative of the community is not appointed initially other than to fulfill the religious obligations of the community, and therefore when he sounds the Shofar he intends to fulfil the religious obligations of all those who hear him, and therefore, we don’t have require anythnig other than the knowledge/awareness of the person who hears it (see Tractate Rosh Hashanah 29a).

All of this is clear according to what is necessary here in this matter that we are dealing with and according to the purpose of the book.