And one who is impure by a corpse - one who touches a corpse is a primary source of impurity. The corpse itself, however, is a super-primary source of impurity; one who touches it becomes a primary source of impurity who can then impurify people and vessels. The verse states: "Whatever that impure person touches shall be impure" [Numbers 19:22]; this verse is discussing one who is impure by a corpse, and implies that he can impurify people, since it states "and the person who touches..." [Numbers 19:22]

Here what - the subcategories of Shabbat [labors] are equivalent to the primary categories; the subcategories of impurity are not equivalent to the primary categories. Here, what [is the relationship to] the subcategories of damages? Do we say that the subcategories are equivalent, and there is no difference between a primary category and a subcategory, in that in each case the one who causes damage must pay, or perhaps not?

There are among, etc. - later on in our discussion of this topic [the gemara] will explain the statement of Rav Pappa.

The Horn - for goring.

The Tooth - for eating.

The Foot - trampling resulting in breaking vessels.

With these shall you gore the Arameans / with them he shall gore the nations - so we see that goring is done with the horn.

Texts of the tradition - the Prophets and the Writings.

But is this a derivation - this is meant as a question -- but we don't derive either liability or exemption from texts of the tradition. Rather, it is a disclosure of the matter -- that anywhere "goring" is written it means with a horn.

Rather - for the following reason it was necessary to state [the additional proof-texts]: one might have said that Scripture only differentiates between an innocuous ox and a forewarned ox -- in that regarding an innocuous ox it is written "they shall divide its price" [Exodus 21:35] and regarding a forewarned one it is written "that person must restore ox for ox" [Exodus 21:36], which means that he must pay full damages -- that refers only to a case where a detached horn was used; if, for example, the animal held the horn between its teeth and gored with it. [Only] in that case would the innocuous ox not pay whole damages, because this is not its usual behavior, and it was not the owners' responsibility to protect against such a thing.

But with an attached horn - since this is its normal manner.

Say that in all cases it is forewarned - even at the outset [before it had ever done such a thing] and he would have to pay full damages.

Come and hear - the term "goring" is written regarding "the horns of the wild ox" [Deuteronomy 33:17] -- so we see that [goring with] an attached [horn] is also called goring. Thus with any unspecified goring [whether with an attached or detached horn], Scripture differentiates between the Horn of an innocuous [ox] and the horn of a forewarned one.

Pushing - where it pushes with its body and damages intentionally.

Crouching - where it sees vessels along the way and goes and crouches upon them in order to break them.

Kicking - where it kicks with its legs and breaks the vessels. These are the subcategories of the Horn [Goring], in that their intention is to damage, just as with Goring; and there is no pleasure gained by the one who damages, just as with Goring; and these kinds of damages do not typically take place, thus also similar to Goring. If the court has not warned against this three times, one does not pay full damages.

What is different about goring that it is characterized as a primary category, as it is written “And if an ox gores"; negifa also, as it is written "If one man's ox hurts the ox of another" - since negifa is also written [explicitly in a verse], it should also be considered a primary category.

This negifa is goring - and not pushing with the body.

The verse began with negifa - "If one man’s ox hurts [yiggof] the ox of another." [Exodus 21:35].

And concluded with goring - "or if it is known that the ox was a goring ox" [Exodus 21:36]. It is not written that "the ox was in the habit of hurting" but rather "goring".

To say to you - that the negifa [in this verse] is not pushing with the body but rather goring with the horn. It is not possible to say [alternatively] that in fact negifa is the primary category and "goring" is negifa meaning pushing with the body, since we have found [based on the verses cited earlier] that goring is done with the horn.

With regard to a person - when the ox gores a person, it is written "When an ox gores a man" [Exodus 21:28] and when an ox gores an ox it is written "When any party’s ox injures a neighbor’s ox." [Exodus 21:35]

A person, who has ingenuity - he has the understanding as to how to protect his body.

It is written "if it gores" - since the ox certainly had the intention to cause harm, and attacked him with force. But negifa implies that it found it standing and pushed it with its horns. Another interpretation: he has [the protection of] fortune, and it is not easy to kill him with negifa -- that is, with a slight pushing of the horn [alone] -- but rather [only] with goring, with force and intention and with the thrusting of the horn into the body.

And Scripture teaches us a matter in passing - since it apportions the term "goring" to [where the victim is] a person and "negifa" to [where the victim is] an animal, implying that it is easier [for the ox] to kill an animal than to kill a person. This implies that an ox that was forewarned due to having killed an animal three times is not considered forewarned regarding [killing] people. Thus if it gored a person to death, it is judged as an innocuous ox, and [the owner] does not pay the ransom. Regarding an innocuous one who kills a person, it is written "the ox shall be stoned... but the owner of the ox is not to be punished" [Exodus 21:28]. Regarding a forewarned one it is written "its owner, too, shall be put to death" [Exodus 21:29]. "Death" there means monetary compensation, in that he must pay the ransom -- the value of the one who was killed -- to his heirs; not actual death, as it is stated in the first chapter of Sanhedrin: You execute him for his act of murder, but you do not execute him for his ox’s act of murder [Sanhedrin 15b:5]. However, [an ox] that is forewarned regarding [killing] people is considered forewarned with respect to animals. It is possible to [have a case of an ox that is] forewarned with respect to killing people, if it gored three times before being brought to court -- thus it had not been stoned immediately upon having killed the first [person].

Crouching... is a subcategory of Foot [Trampling] - since it crouches by way of folding its legs.

Trampling is commonplace damage - any time it walks it will trample anything under its feet.

These, the damage is not commonplace - therefore they are subcategories of Horn [Goring] in that theirs is not a commonplace type of damage, and imparts no pleasure to the one who damages; thus they pay half-damages as with Goring.

What is different about Goring - in that he is liable since its intention was to do damage, etc.

"And he sends forth" - his livestock to graze [Exodus 22:4].