Rashi on Judges Chapter 8
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מַה עָשִׂיתִי עַתָּה כָּכֶם. מַה חָשׁוּב מַה שֶּׁעָשִׂיתִי בִּתְחִלָּתוֹ, כְּמַה שֶּׁעֲשִׂיתֶם אַתֶּם בַּסּוֹף:
Can any action of mine compare with yours? How significant were my actions at the beginning in comparison with yours at the end?
הֲלֹא טוֹב עֹלְלוֹת. שֶׁבָּאוּ לְיֶדְכֶם בַּסּוֹף מִתְּחִלַּת הַבָּצִיר שֶׁבָּצַרְנוּ אֲנִי וּמִשְׁפַּחְתִּי, שֶׁהֲרֵי בְּיֶדְכֶם נָתַן ה׳ אֶת הַמְּלָכִים:
Do not Ephraim's underripened gleanings surpass. The gleanings¹ which you acquired at the end surpass the early harvest which my family and I gathered, for Adonoy delivered the kings into your hands.
footnotes: ¹ עוֹלְלוֹת are underripened grapes which may not be harvested, but must be left to be gleaned afterward by the poor. (Vayikra, 19:10) Gidon compared his original battle with the Midyonites to the harvest, and the ensuing execution of Orev and Z’ev to the gleaning of the עוֹלְלוֹת.
וּמַה יָּכֹלְתִּי. לַעֲשׂוֹת שֶׁיְּהֵא חָשׁוּב כְּמַעֲשֵׂה שֶׁלָּכֶם:
What could I have done that would have been as significant as your accomplishments?
עֹבֵר הוּא וּשְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת הָאִישׁ. עוֹבְרִים אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן אַחֲרֵי זֶבַח וְצַלְמֻנָּע שֶׁעָבְרוּ אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן תְּחִלָּה, וְהָיוּ מַשְׁחִיתִים מֵעֵבֶר לַיַּרְדֵּן אֶת אֶרֶץ רְאוּבֵן וְגָד וּמְנַשֶּׁה, וְעָבַר שָׁם כְּדֵי לִנְקֹם אַף בָּהֶם:
He crossed with the three hundred men. They crossed the Yardein after Zevach and Tzalmuna, who had crossed previously and wreaked destruction across the Yardein, in the territory of Reuven, Gad, and Menashe. He crossed to take revenge against them as well.
לְאַנְשֵׁי סֻכּוֹת. יִשְׂרָאֵל הָיוּ:
To the people of Succos. They were Yisroelites.
הֲכַף זֶבַח וְצַלְמֻנָּע בְּיָדֶךָ. שֶׁאַתָּה מִתְפָּאֵר שֶׁהִצַּלְתָּנוּ מִיַּד מִדְיָן:
Are the palms of Zevach and Tzalmuna in your hands that you pride yourself in having rescued us from the hand of Midyon.
הַבַּרְקָנִים. רונצי״ש בְּלַעַ״ז:
Thorns. "Ronzes" in old French.
בְּקַרְקֹר. שֵׁם מָקוֹם:
At Karkor. The name of a place.
דֶּרֶךְ הַשֹּׁכְנִי בָאֳהָלִים. דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ קֵדָר וַעֲרָב הַשּׁוֹכְנִים בַּמִּדְבָּר בְּאָהֳלֵיהֶם, שֶׁרוֹעִים מִקְנֶה תָּמִיד וְאֵין דָּרִים בְּבָתִּים:
By way of the tent dwellers. By way of the lands of Kedar and Arabia, whose inhabitants were wilderness tent dwellers. Since they were occupied exclusively as shepherds, they could not dwell in houses.
מִקֶּדֶם לְנֹבַח וְיָגְבֳּהָה. שֶׁהֵם עָרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְלֹא רָצָה לֵילֵךְ שָׁם אֶלָּא דֶּרֶךְ עֲקַלָּתוֹן, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַרְגִּישׁוּ בָהֶם, וִיהוּמַּם פִּתְאוֹם:
East of Novach and Yagbeha. These were Yisroelite cities. He chose not to pass through them, but rather travelled roundabout, so that they would remain undetected, and could overwhelm them by surprise.
מִלְמַעְלָה הֶחָרֶס. עַד שֶׁלֹּא שָׁקְעָה הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ, בְּעוֹד הַחַמָּה נִרְאֵית גָּבוֹהַּ:
With the sun high. Before sunset, with the sun still visible high above the horizon.
וַיֹּדַע בָּהֶם. (תרגום:) וּתְבַר בְּהוֹן:
Tore with them. "Broke apart" with them.²
footnotes: ² This is Targum Yonasan’s translation.
אֶחָד כְּתֹאַר בְּנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ. יוֹנָתָן תִּרְגֵּם: אֶחָד הָיָה בָהֶם שֶׁתּוֹאֲרוֹ כְּתוֹאַר בְּנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ. וְיֵשׁ לְפוֹתְרוֹ: כָּמוֹךָ כָּמוֹהֶם, תּוֹאַר אֶחָד לָכֶם, כִּי כְתוֹאַר בְּנֵי מְלָכִים הָיוּ:
Singular, of princely appearance. Yonasan explains that one of them was of princely appearance.³ However, this may be interpreted as, "They were exactly like you, all of singular appearance, for they were of princely appearance."
footnotes: ³ Yonasan’s reading is: “One was exactly like you, of princely appearance.”
וְלֹא שָׁלַף הַנַּעַר חַרְבּוֹ. לְהָרְגָם, שֶׁהָיָה יָרֵא מֵהֶם:
But the boy would not draw his sword to execute them, for he was afraid of them.
הַשַּׂהֲרֹנִים. לוינ״ש בְּלַעַ״ז, שֶׁל זָהָב:
Crescent chains. Lunettes in old French, moonshaped, made of gold.
הַשַּׂהֲרֹנִים וְהַנְּטִיפוֹת. (תרגום:) עִנְקְיָא וּכְלִילָא:
The crescent chains and crowns. The neckbands and crowns.⁴
footnotes: ⁴ This is Targum Yonasan’s rendition.
וַיַּעַשׂ אוֹתוֹ גִדְעוֹן לְאֵפוֹד. לִהְיוֹת לְזִכָּרוֹן עַל תְּשׁוּעָה גְדוֹלָה, לִרְאוֹת כַּמָּה הָיָה חֵילָם כָּבֵד שֶׁבְּנִזְמֵי חֲשׁוּבֵיהֶם הָיָה כָּל הַזָּהָב הַזֶּה:
Gidon fashioned it into an apron as a memorial to the the great salvation, demonstrating how enormous their forces were, as the nose rings of their eminent men contained so much gold.
וַיִּזְנוּ כָל יִשְׂרָאֵל אַחֲרָיו. לְאַחַר מִיתַת גִּדְעוֹן:
All of Yisroel were perverted towards it after Gidon's demise.⁵
footnotes: ⁵ But not during his lifetime. Gidon’s intentions were pure. (See Yalkut, 64.)
בַּעַל בְּרִית. כָּךְ שְׁמוֹ:
Baal beris. This was his name.
וְלֹא עָשׂוּ חֶסֶד וְגוֹ׳. שֶׁהָרְגוּ אֶת בָּנָיו, כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בָּעִנְיָן (שופטים ט:ה):
They did not act benevolently. They murdered his children, as stated in the narrative.⁶
footnotes: ⁶ Ch. 9.