Siddur Ashkenaz, Weekday, Shacharit, Preparatory Prayers, Korbanot, Baraita of Rabbi Yishmael
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רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר בִּשְׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה מִדּוֹת הַתּוֹרָה נִדְרָֽשֶׁת: מִקַּל וָחֹֽמֶר.
Rabbi Yishmael says: The Torah is expounded through thirteen methods:
- A conclusion drawn from a minor or lenient law, to a major or more strict one.
וּמִגְּ֒זֵרָה שָׁוָה.
- A clarification based on identical words or terms in the Biblical text.
מִבִּנְיַן אָב מִכָּתוּב אֶחָד, וּמִבִּנְיַן אָב מִשְּׁ֒נֵי כְתוּבִים.
- A principle derived from one Biblical text or from two Biblical texts.
מִכְּ֒לָל וּפְרָט.
- A rule followed by a detail.
וּמִפְּ֒רָט וּכְלָל.
- A detail followed by a rule.
כְּלָל וּפְרָט וּכְלָל אִי אַתָּה דָן אֶלָּא כְּעֵין הַפְּ֒רָט.
- A rule followed by a detail, which is in turn followed by a rule, may infer only what is similar to the detail.
מִכְּ֒לָל שֶׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לִפְרָט וּמִפְּ֒רָט שֶׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לִכְלָל.
- When a general rule requires an explicit rule; when an explicit rule requires generalization.
כָּל־דָּבָר שֶׁהָיָה בִּכְלָל וְיָצָא מִן הַכְּ֒לָל לְלַמֵּד לֹא לְלַמֵּד עַל עַצְמוֹ יָצָא אֶלָּא לְלַמֵּד עַל הַכְּ֒לָל כֻּלּוֹ יָצָא.
- Something included in a general rule, which was singled out to teach— was not singled out to teach about itself, but to teach (something new) concerning the rule as a whole.
כָּל־דָּבָר שֶׁהָיָה בִּכְלָל וְיָצָא לִטְעֹן טֹֽעַן אֶחָד שֶׁהוּא כְעִנְיָנוֹ יָצָא לְהָקֵל וְלֹא לְהַחֲמִיר.
- Something that was included in a rule and was singled out in a case similar to its rule, —it was singled out to lessen not to increase the severity of the case.
כָּל־דָּבָר שֶׁהָיָה בִּכְלָל וְיָצָא לִטְעֹן טֹֽעַן אַחֵר שֶׁלֹּא כְעִנְיָנוֹ יָצָא לְהָקֵל וּלְהַחֲמִיר.
- Something that was included in a rule and was singled out in a case which is not similar to its rule, —it was singled out either to lessen or to increase the severity of the case.
כָּל־דָּבָר שֶׁהָיָה בִּכְלָל וְיָצָא לִדּוֹן בַּדָּבָר הֶחָדָשׁ אִי אַתָּה יָכוֹל לְהַחֲזִירוֹ לִכְלָלוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּחֲזִירֶֽנּוּ הַכָּתוּב לִכְלָלוֹ בְּפֵרוּשׁ.
- Something that was included in a rule and was singled out for a new stipulation— does not revert to its rule unless Scripture restores it to its rule expressly.
דָּבָר הַלָּמֵד מֵעִנְיָנוֹ וְדָבָר הַלָּמֵד מִסּוֹפוֹ.
- A matter deduced from its context, or from a subsequent expression.
וְכֵן שְׁנֵי כְתוּבִים הַמַּכְחִישִׁים זֶה אֶת־זֶה עַד שֶׁיָּבֹא הַכָּתוּב הַשְּׁ֒לִישִׁי וְיַכְרִֽיעַ בֵּינֵיהֶם:
- Also, two passages that contradict each other until a third passage reconciles them.
יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּ֒פָנֶֽיךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ וֵאלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ שֶׁיִּבָּנֶה בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ בִּמְהֵרָה בְיָמֵֽינוּ וְתֵן חֶלְקֵֽנוּ בְּתוֹרָתֶֽךָ: וְשָׁם נַעֲבָדְךָ בְּיִרְאָה כִּימֵי עוֹלָם וּכְשָׁנִים קַדְמוֹנִיּוֹת:
May it be Your will Adonoy, our God and God of our fathers, that the Holy Temple be rebuilt speedily in our days: and grant us our share in Your Torah. And there we will serve You reverently as in the days of old, and in earlier years.