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Sifrei Devarim Paragraph 203

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(דברים כ יט) כִּי תָצוּר אֶל עִיר, בְּמִלְחֶמֶת הָרְשׁוּת הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר.

Sefaria Community Translation

(Devarim 20:19) "If you besiege a city many days": Scripture here speaks of an optional war.

אֶל עִיר – וְלֹא לִכְרָךְ;

Sefaria Community Translation

"a city": and not a metropolis;

אֶל עִיר – וְלֹא לִכְפָר.

Sefaria Community Translation

"a city": and not a village.

יָמִים רַבִּים, יָמִים – שְׁנַיִם, רַבִּים – שְׁלֹשָׁה. מִכָּן אָמְרוּ: אֵין צָרִים עַל עִיר שֶׁל גּוֹיִם פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים קֹדֶם לַשַּׁבָּת.

Sefaria Community Translation

"many days": "days" — two; "many" — three. We are hereby taught that peace is offered for two days, and a third day for the battle. And even though there is no proof for this, there is an intimation of it in (I Samuel 30:1) "And David and his men came to Tziklag on the third day." Variantly: From here it is derived that gentile cities are not besieged fewer than three days before the Sabbath, (so that the siege not extend into the Sabbath); but if the siege began, it is not interrupted. And a sea voyage is not begun fewer than three days before the Sabbath. When is this so? For a long voyage, but for a short one, it is permissible.

לְהִלָּחֵם עָלֶיהָ לְתָפְשָׂהּ – וְלֹא לִשְׁבּוֹתָהּ.

Sefaria Community Translation

"to war upon it, to capture it": and not to destroy it.

לֹא תַשְׁחִית אֶת עֵצָהּ לִנְדֹּחַ עָלָיו גַּרְזֶן, אֵין לִי אֶלָּא גַּרְזֶן. מִנַּיִן אַף לִמְשֹׁךְ הֵימֶנָּה אַמַּת הַמַּיִם? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: לֹא תַשְׁחִית אֶת עֵצָהּ, בְּכָל דָּבָר.

Sefaria Community Translation

"You shall not cut down its tree by wielding an axe against it": This tells me only of iron (i.e., an axe blade). Whence do I derive (the same for destroying it by) diverting a water course from it? From "You shall not destroy its tree" — in any manner.

דָּבָר אַחֵר: כִּי תָצוּר אֶל עִיר, מַגִּיד שֶׁתּוֹבֵעַ שָׁלוֹם שְׁנַיִם שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים, עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִלְחָם בָּהּ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמואל ב א א): ״וַיֵּשֶׁב דָּוִד בְּצִקְלַג יָמִים שְׁנַיִם״. וְאֵין צָרִים עַל עִיר בַּתְּחִלָּה בְּשַׁבָּת, אֶלָּא קוֹדֶם לַשַּׁבָּת שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים. וְאִם הִקִּיפוּהָ וְאֵרְעָה שַׁבָּת לִהְיוֹת – אֵין הַשַּׁבָּת מַפְסֶקֶת מִלְחַמְתָּהּ. זֶה אֶחָד מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה דְבָרִים שֶׁדָּרַשׁ שַׁמַּי הַזָּקֵן: אֵין מַפְלִיגִים אֶת הַסְּפִינָה לַיָּם הַגָּדוֹל אֶלָּא קוֹדֶם לַשַּׁבָּת שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים? בְּדֶרֶךְ רְחוֹקָה, אֲבָל בְּדֶרֶךְ קְרוֹבָה מַפְלִיגִים אוֹתָהּ.

Sefaria Community Translation

(We are hereby taught that peace is offered for two days, and a third day before the battle. And so it states: (I Samuel 30:1) "And David Remained in Tziklag for two days." And gentile cities are not besieged fewer than three days before the Sabbath, (so that the siege not extend into the Sabbath); but if the siege began, it is not interrupted. This is one of three lessons taught by Shammai the Elder: A sea voyage is not begun fewer than three days before the Sabbath. When is this so? For a long voyage, but for a short one, it is permissible.)

כִּי מִמֶּנּוּ תֹאכֵל – מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה; וְאֹתוֹ לֹא תִכְרֹת – מִצְוַת לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה.

Sefaria Community Translation

"For from it you shall eat": a positive commandment;

כִּי הָאָדָם עֵץ הַשָּׂדֶה, מְלַמֵּד שֶׁחַיָּיו שֶׁל אָדָם אֵינָם אֶלָּא מִן הָאִילָן. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר: מִכָּן חָס הַמָּקוֹם עַל פֵּרוֹת הָאִילָן קַל וָחוֹמֶר מֵאִילָן, וּמָה אִילָן שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה פֵּרוֹת – הִזְהִירְךָ הַכָּתוּב עָלָיו, פֵּרוֹת עַצְמָם – עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה!

Sefaria Community Translation

"but it you shall not cut down": a negative commandment.

לָבוֹא מִפָּנֶיךָ בַּמָּצוֹר, הָא אִם מְעַכֶּבְךָ לָבוֹא מִפָּנֶיךָ בַּמָּצוֹר – קָצְצֵהוּ!

Sefaria Community Translation

Variantly: "for from it shall you eat": a tree providing life for a man. R. Yishmael reasoned hence: If the L-rd is so solicitous of the fruits of a tree, how much more so of the tree itself! And if Scripture exhorts against (cutting down) a tree, which only produces fruit, how much more so (does it exhort against destroying) fruit itself!

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