All the pairs (e.g., wheat and z'vanin, and the four other matching pairs set forth in Kilayim 1:1) that the Sages counted as being the same species as one another are not kilayim (diverse kinds) with each other, and the remaining field vegetables and garden vegetables that are the same species as one another are [also] not kilayim with each other.

Anise and gof'nin (a type of dill), coriander and parsley: Even though they resemble each other, they are kilayim with each other. Cucumbers and gourds and watermelons and melons are not kilayim with each other, and terumah and tithes may be separated for one on behalf of the other, the words of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Shimon say, they are kilayim with each other, and terumah and tithes may not be separated for one on behalf of the other. Rabbi Akiva added garlic and wild garlic, and onion and dwarf-onion, and tormos and p'loslos (two types of lupines). Said Rabbi Shimon, Rabbi Akiva only taught about two of those pairs; however, tormos and p'loslos are not kilayim with each other.

In the district of Ariach they would graft apples onto medlars. A student found them. He said to them, "You are forbidden." They went and cut them down, and they came and asked [the Sages] in Yavneh. They said, "The student spoke well." In the marketplace of Sepphoris they would graft quinces onto pears. A student found them. He said to them, "You are forbidden." They went and cut them down, and they came and asked [the Sages] in Yavneh. They said, "Who injured you?" He was none other than one of the students of Shammai.

Rabbi Nehemiah says that Aramaic, Egyptian and Greek gourds are hybrids with the ramusa. Five things were stated about a Greek gourd: It is forbidden [to permit it] to cover grains; its stalk is one handbreadth; the smallest amount of it makes [other foods mixed with it] forbidden (i.e., in the event that the gourd itself is forbidden for any reason); it brings in impurity and blocks impurity*; and [as to] one who makes a vow not to benefit from gourds, only the Greek gourd is forbidden.

A chicken, a peacock and a pheasant: Although they resemble one another, they are kilayim with one another. Rabbi Yehuda says, [in regards to] a female mule in heat, one may not [attempt to] mate a horse or a donkey with her, but only a mule. An ox and a wild ox, a donkey and a wild ass, a pig and a wild boar: Although they resemble one another, they are kilayim with one another.

Five things were stated about a wild ox: It is forbidden [to slaughter on the same day as its calf] on account of "it and its offspring," and its fats are are forbidden, and it may be sacrificed on top of the Altar, and it is liable for the priestly gifts (i.e., the shankbone, cheeks, and maw), and it may be purchased with [second] tithe money for purposes of [bringing it as] a peace offering, but not for "meat for one's craving" (see Deut. 12:20). And behold, it is like a domesticated animal in every respect. Rabbi Yosei says, that is the t'o spoken of in the Torah (Deut. 14:5), and it is permitted on account of "it and its offspring," and its fats are permitted, and it is disqualified from being sacrificed on top of the Altar, and it is exempt from the priestly gifts, and it may be purchased with [second] tithe money for "meat of one's craving," but not for [purposes of] bringing as a peace offering, and behold, it is like a wild animal in every respect. And the Sages say, a t'o is a creation in and of itself, and a wild ox is a creation in and of itself.

They may not plant a pomegranate shoot, nor pomegranate stems, on the side of a trunk of a sycamore tree; and they may not place a grape-vine between two walls because it will bear fruit between them; and they may not place two kinds [of produce] inside one reed tube because they hybridize with one another; and they may not graft olives onto the branch of a date palm, because that is a tree with a tree; and they may not graft cuscuta on top of azmazma (a prickly shrub), nor tarad (a species of beet) on top of amaranthus, because that is a vegetable with a vegetable.

They may not graft cuscuta on top of a fig tree, because that is a vegetable with a a tree. [But] Rabbi Yehuda permits a vegetable with a tree. [In regards to] a tree with a vegetable*, Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel permits it in the name of Rabbi Yehuda ben Agra of K'far Akko.

One who places a small piece* of lupine (tormus) on the side of a small piece of a gourd, in order for it to sharpen the [fecundity of the] earth in favor of [the gourd], is liable. One plants anything that promotes growth on top of marshes or chilat (a type of reed) is liable. On top of a stone or on top of spring of water is exempt. And [in regards to] something that does not promote growth, whether on top of marshes, or on top of chilat, or on top of stone, or on top of a spring of water, is exempt.

One who sows, and one who weeds, and one who covers up [diverse kinds with dirt] violates a negative commandment. Rabbi Akiva says, even one who maintains [diverse kinds in his field] violates a negative commandment, and those who sow [produce] and those who plant trees are one and the same. One who sows grape-kernels together with wheat: Behold, that one is administered forty lashes.

Any seah that contains a quarter[-kav] of seeds of a different species, one should reduce [the proportion of seeds] (Kil. 2:1). When do these words apply? When three or four kavs of matter fall into a one-seah field. In truth they said, garden seeds [which are not eaten*] combine together [with other seeds] when they fall in [a quantity greater than] one twenty-fourth of [what is necessary to sow] a one-seah field*, regardless of whether it fell in amongst other [species], and whether other [species] fell in amongst it.