Tosafot on Kiddushin Daf 5a
Can copy this into an AI, or connect the whole library to your assistant. For deeper learning, you can directly use the original seforim, sites, and apps.
ומניין שאף בשטר - ומק"ו דאמה העבריה שאין נקנית בביאה ונקנית בשטר ליכא למימר חדא משום דאמה גופה מדאיתקש לאחרת נפקא לן לקמן (קידושין דף טז.) ואפילו לרב חסדא דיליף לה מלא תצא כצאת העבדים אבל נקנית היא בקנין העבדים איכא למיפרך כדלעיל שכן יוצאה בכסף ועוד דכיון דלרב חסדא אב כותבו ליכא למילף באשה שאינה נקנית בזה הענין שהבעל כותבו:
"How do we know [a wife can be acquired] with a contract?" And it is not possible to say this from the ק״ו of Hebrew slavegirl who isn't acquired with sex but is acquired with a contract. Firstly because we derive the slavegirl herself from the hekesh to "another" (=a wife) later (Kiddushin 16a where we derive that a Hebrew slavegirl can be acquired with a contract from the wife). And even according to Rav Hisda who derives it (on Kiddushin 16a) from "'She shall not go out like slaves go out' (Shemot 21:7), but she can be acquired with the acquisition of slaves" [i.e. with a contract and therefore he does not derive this law for the slavegirl from the law of the wife], it is [still] possible to object [to the ק״ו] as above [on 4b where they pointed out] "that she [the Hebrew slavegirl] can go out with money [unlike the wife]"! Secondly, since according to Rav Hisda the father writes [the contract for the Hebrew slavegirl], it is not possible to learn [from this] about a wife who is not acquired in this way since the husband writes [the contract].
שכן פודין בו הקדשות ומעשר - וא"ת כל זה אשים בק"ו ומה כסף שאע"פ שפודין בו הקדש ומעשר ואינו מוציא ואפ"ה מכניס שטר שאע"פ שאין פודין בו הקדש מוציא אינו דין שיכניס י"ל דחומרא הכתובה בפסוק אין להכניס בק"ו דודאי חומרא של סברא ניתנה להשים בק"ו אבל הכתובה יש לנו לומר שהיא הגורמת מעלה וא"ת ונימא ק"ו מקרקעות שאינן מוציאות אפ"ה מכניסות פי' דאדם יכול לקדש אשה בקרקע ואינה מתגרשת בקרקע והתם ליכא למיפרך שכן פודין בו הקדש וי"ל דאיכא למיפרך מה לקרקע שכן קונין מטלטלין אגבן תאמר בשטר וא"ת מטלטלין יוכיחו שאין קונין אגבן ואינן מוציאות ומכניסות אף אני אביא שטר וי"ל מה למטלטלין שכן פודין בו הקדש:
"For [with money] they can redeem hekdesh and tithe". [Problem:] But if you say: All of this I can put into the ק״ו—Just as money, even though with it they can redeem hekdesh and tithe but can't go out [of the marriage with it] and even so can enter [the marriage with it], a contract, which even though they can't redeem with it hekdesh, she can go out, isn't it logical that she should be able to enter?! Solution: A stringency written in the verse it is not possible to combine it into the ק״ו [and the Torah excludes non-money means of redemption], because only a logical stringency is able to be put into the ק״ו, one that is written we have to say that [the Torah] causes it to be effective [it doesn't interact with other logical bases we might use for a ק״ו]. [Problem:] But if you say: Let us say a ק״ו from land [with which] they can't go out and even so can enter!—i.e. a person is allowed to betroth a wife with land but can't divorce her with land—and there it wouldn't be possible to object "For [with money] they can redeem hekdesh" [so instead of comparing contract to money which is broken by the baraita with the fact that money is stronger (can redeem), why don't we compare contract to land which is not stronger in this way (can't redeem)]! Solution: It is possible to object [to this]: Land can be acquired with moveable objects, can you say the same with a contract [so land is stronger in a different way and this would break this tentative ק״ו]!? [Problem:] But if you say: Moveable objects will break [this breakage of the ק״ו] since they cannot be acquired with [other] moveable objects, they can't leave, but they can enter, so I should be able to include contract! Solution: With moveable objects they redeem hekdesh [so we would be back to the exact same problem we had with money].
מה הויה בכסף אף יציאתה בכסף - ולענין ביאה ליכא למימר מה הויה בביאה אף יציאתה בביאה שלהתרחק ממנה הוא מגרשה ועוד משום שמצא בה ערות דבר רגיל לגרשה ואז יש לו לפרוש:
"Just as 'being' is with money so too 'her leaving' is with money!?" [The question is: We suggested to apply this hekesh for contract to money, why didn't we try to apply this hekesh to sex as well?] On the topic of sex it would be impossible to say "Just as 'being' is with sex so too 'her leaving' is with sex" since he has to distance himself from her to divorce her, and further because a common [reason for divorce is] he found in her ervat davar (e.g. adultery) in which case he would have to separate.
סניגור יעשה קטיגור - וא"ת א"כ היכי קאמר לעיל מה לאמה העבריה שכן יוצאה בכסף ודין הוא שתהא נקנית בכסף אדרבה גריעותא דאין קטיגור נעשה סניגור וי"ל דבאמה העבריה ליכא למימר הכי לפי שמתחלה שאביה מוכרה לשפחות הוא מקבל הכסף מן האדון א"כ כשהוא רוצה לפדותה דין הוא שיקבל האדון הכסף אבל איש שמקדש אשה הכל בא על ידו בין הקידושין בין הגירושין והתם שייך למיפרך יאמרו כסף מכניס וכו':
"A defence attorney becomes a prosecuting attorney" [when money is the same thing that gets you in and out of the marriage]. Problem: If this is true, how could [the Talmud] say above: "A Hebrew slavegirl that goes out with money, isn't it logical that she should be acquired with money"? On the contrary, it is a disadvantage since we don't want a prosecuting attorney to become a defence attorney! Solution: For a Hebrew slavegirl it is not possible to say this since, originally, when her father sold her into slavery he received the money from the master, and if so when [the father] wants to redeem her, it is logical that the master should receive the money [it's a transaction, it doesn't make it look like she goes out and comes in with the exact same thing]. But a man that betroths a wife, everything comes through him, whether betrothal or divorce, so there it is relevant to object "They will say 'Money causes [her] to enter...' etc." [The money regarding a wife's entering or leaving never changes hands, it is the husband's throughout].
קאי בגירושין ממעט גירושין - ואין סברא לומר קאי בכתיבה וממעט בכתיבה דפשטא דקרא משמע שבא לומר דוקא בכתיבה דקאמר אם לא תמצא חן בעיניו וכתב לה משמע דוקא בזה הענין:
"[The verse] is about divorce [so comes to] exclude something else about divorce" [supporting Rava]. But it would not be logical to say [that the verse] is about writing [so comes to] exclude something else about writing [which would be against Rava], since the plain sense of the verse implies that it comes to say [he can divorce her] only with writing, for it says "If she didn't find favour in his eyes, and he wrote for her", this implies that it is specifically about this topic. [In other words: the verse is indeed primarily about divorce but it just tells you that methods not involving writing are wrong.]
על מנת שלא תלכי לבית אביך לעולם אין זה גט - פירש בקונטרס שכל ימיה נאגדת לקיים תנאי זה מחמתו וא"ת אמאי לא אמר דהוי גט שהרי אם מת אביה יכולה היא ליכנס לבית ושוב אינה נאגדת בו דלאחר מיתת אביה לא חשיב בית אביה כדאמרינן בנדרים (דף מו.) קונם לביתך שאיני נכנס מת או מכרו מותר וי"ל דבית אביה קרוים כל יוצאי חלציו של אביה אע"ג שמת כדכתיב (בראשית ל״ח:י״א) גבי תמר שבי אלמנה בית אביך אע"פ שמת אביה כדמוכחי קראי:
"'With the understanding that you will not go to your father's house ever'—this is not a get". Rashi's explanation: "All her days she is bound to uphold this condition on his account". Problem: Why shouldn't it be a get since, if her father dies, then she is able to enter the house and she is no longer bound to him, since after the death of her father it is not considered "her father's house", as we say in Nedarim 46a: "[Someone says to their fellow:] 'Konam is your house that I will not enter it'—if he [the house owner] dies or sells it, he is permitted [to enter it]" [which should be the case for the condition that the husband made the wife swear about her father's house]! Solution: It is called her father's house by all of her father's offspring even though he died, as it is written about Tamar, "Return as a widow to your father's house" (Bereishit 38:11), even though her father died as the verses prove.
ורבי יוסי הגלילי מכרת כריתות נפקא - תימה דבפרק המגרש (גיטין ד' פג:) קאמר על רבנן דר"א בן עזריה כרת כריתות לא דרשי ור' יוסי הגלילי בכלל דרבנן והכא אמר דר' יוסי הגלילי דרש כרת כריתות וי"ל דלא קאמר לא משמע להו אלא דלא דרשי פירוש לההוא דרשא דהתם דמיבעי להו לדרשא דהכא:
"But Rabbi Yose Ha-Gelili derives [the permanent conditions that interfere with the efficacy of a get in the baraita] from [the fact that the verse could have said sefer] karet [but instead said sefer] keritut". Problem: In chapter Ha-Megaresh (Gittin 83b) it said about the Rabbanan of Rabbi Elazar ben Azaryah [i.e. the majority opinion he disputed] that they do not make a derash with karet-keritut, and Rabbi Yose Ha-Gelili is included in the Rabbanan [since he is not Riva, he must be among the majority opinion against him]. But here it said that Rabbi Yose Ha-Gelili made a derash with karet-keritut! Solution: It didn't say "They don't learn it" but rather "They don't make a derash", i.e. [they don't derash] this derashah there [to learn דבר הכורת בינו לבינה] for they need it for the derashah here [to learn אין דבר אחר כורתה].
שכן ישנן בעל כרחה - פי' בקונטרס ביאה ביבמה שטר בגרושין כסף באמה העבריה וקשה לרבינו תם אם זה חשוב בעל כרחה מה שהאב מוכר את בתו בעל כרחה א"כ מאי קאמר רב הונא לקמיה כסף באישות מיהא לא אשכחן בע"כ הלא האב מקדש בתו קטנה בכסף בע"כ ואומר רבינו תם כיון דאב במקום בתו קאי אין זה חשוב בע"כ כיון שהוא מדעתו של אב וא"ת א"כ היכי קאמר כסף נמי איתא באמה העבריה בע"כ הרי אב מוכרה מדעתו וי"ל דהכי פריך כסף איתא באמה בע"כ כגון שהאדון מייעד את העבריה בכסף מקנתה בע"כ של אב ובע"כ של בת דהא דאמר לקמן (קידושין דף יט.) אשר לא יעדה שצריך לייעדה לא שצריך לעשות מרצונה אלא שצריך להודיעה שלשם קידושין מייעדה ואע"ג דאמר לקמן באישות מיהא לא אשכחנא ובכי האי גוונא שמייעד הוי אישות מ"מ בתחילה לא בא הכסף בשביל אישות ויש מיישבים פי' הקונטרס דודאי זה קרוי בעל כרחה מכירה של אמה העבריה שחוב הוא לה ואם היתה בת דעת לא היתה מתרצית אבל קידושי קטנה לאו חוב הוא לה כמו מכירה וסופה עומדת לינשא אם היתה בת דעת היתה מתרצית ולא חשיב על כרחה:
"[If it weren't written about money, I would think] that [money too] is [effective] without her agreement [like sex and contract]". Rashi's explanation: Sex with a yevamah [is effective without her agreement], contract with divorce, and money with the Hebrew slavegirl. But this was a problem for Rabbenu Tam: If this is considered to be "without her agreement", that the father can sell his daughter without her agreement, if so, what does Rav Huna [mean when he, on Kiddushin 5b] says later that "Money regarding marriage nonetheless we do not find [it to be effective] without her agreement"—can't the father betroth his minor daughter with money without her agreement!? [Solution:] Rabbenu Tam said: Since the father stands in place of his daughter, this is not considered "without her agreement" since it is with the consent of the father. Problem: But if you say: If so, how can [the Talmud] say that money also is [effective] with a Hebrew slavegirl without her agreement—for the father sold her with his consent! Solution: This is what [the Talmud meant by its] object[ion with וכ״ת]: Money is [effective] with a slavegirl without her agreement in the case when the master designates [as a wife for his son] the Hebrew [slavegirl] with money from her acquisition with the agreement of neither the father nor the daughter. [Problem:] For it says later (Kiddushin 19a), "'That he did not designate her'—that he needs to designate her", [Solution: This] doesn't [mean] that he needs to do it with her consent but that he needs to inform her that she is designated for the sake of betrothal. [Problem:] And even though [the Talmud] said below "With marriage nonetheless we do not find [that money is effective without her agreement]", [Solution:] nevertheless, in a case like this where she is designated to be married, originally the money wasn't for marriage [it was for acquisition of a slavegirl]. There are those who return to Rashi's explanation that certainly the sale of a Hebrew slavegirl is called "without her agreement" for it is a debt for her since, if she were capable of decision-making [i.e. not a minor] she would not have agreed to [being sold]. But minor betrothal is not a debt to her like sale and in the end she will remain married, so if she were capable of decision-making she would have agreed [the assumption is that women would prefer to married than unmarried for financial and social security]—thus it is not really "without her agreement".