הבונה – that they mentioned in the [thirty-nine] chief labors –

how much can one build and be liable? The smallest quantity.

מסתת – to make the stone quadrangular or to level it/smooth it, everything is according to the custom of the place, and this is a derivative of he who gives the final stroke with the hammer.

והמכה בפטיש – this is the conclusion of work of those who cut stones, for after he cuts stones from the mountain surrounding him and he has severed it, he strikes a large blow with his hammer and it breaks apart and falls, and all who complete [forbidden] work in Shabbat, it is a derivative of striking the final hammer blow.

מעצד – a small, curved cutting tool/hatchet.

הקודח – makes a perforation/hole.

כל שהוא – it refers to all of them – to the one who chisels, and to the one who strikes the final hammer blow and the adze and the one who perforates/digs out.

now that you've done what you did you don't need to any anything to it

קורנס – “Martil.”

סדן – “Ankizina” in the foreign language.

מפני שהוא כמתקן מלאכה – even though he does not strike on the work [itself] other than on the block, he is improving/fixing, for similarly, those who beat the gold foils of the Tabernacle who would strike the foils with three hits and on the block one hit to smooth the mallet/smith’s hammer so that it not split the foil which is thin, but the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon ben Gamaliel.

המנכש – he who tears/plucks bad grasses from among the good ones. Another explanation: He digs around the roots of the plants which is a [forbidden kind of] labor like plowing.

מקרקם – cuts dry branches from the tree to repair it.

מזרד – trims/cuts new moist greens of this year and sometimes they are many and they prosper and they reduce the strength of the tee and we cut them off from it.

אם לתקן – [to improve/repair] the tree or the ground and they cut it from what is attached.

ביצה קלה – like a dried fig from the egg of a chicken which cooks easier than the rest of the eggs.

בין בימינו בין בשמאלו – a person who is ambidextrous, for among the rest of the people, lefty-handwriting is not writing.

בין משם אחד – both of them are Alephs.

משני שמות – Aleph and Bet.

משני סממניות – one is with ink and the other is with red paint. But there are books that have the reading from two marks/סימניות, that is to say, with two marks/signs, such as we write one for one sign and a second for the second sign.

בכל לשון – and he wrote of each and every nation.

משום רושם – a sign/mark that they would make on the planks/boards of the Tabernacle for they take \it apart, and when they re-erect it, they should not confuse the order of the boards/planks, but Rabbi Yosi comes to state that even if he did not write other than making two mere markings as a sign, he is liable. But the Halakha is not like Rabbi Yosi.

מצינו שם קטן – that is to say, even though his work was not completed, but he had intended to write a large letter, and wrote part of it, for since that part is a letter and exists in another place, he is liable, and such is the Halakha.

בסם – “Orpimnat” in the foreign language.

בסיקרא – a kind stone that colors red.

בקומוס – a kind of dust and its color is black. Another explanation: resin of a papyrus tree.

בקנקנתום – “Zag” in Arabic and “vidriol” in the foreign language.

ובכל דבר שהוא רושם – to include water that they dissolved/soaked in it gall-nut; “gallim” in the foreign tongue which makes an incision/mark that is enduring.

על ב' כותלין זויות – one in the east and another in the north that are juxtaposed to each other at an angle.

על ב' לוחי פנקס – the book that the storekeeper writes his accounts, and even though it is not on one tablet, if they are organized and read one with the other, like that which they write on two borders of tablets that are near each other, he is liable.

הכותב על בשרו – with ink.

והמשרט על בשרו – with iron he makes the shape of letters in his skin.

רבי יהושע פוטר – and even if he emitted some blood, for this is not the way of writing. But the Halakha is according to Rabbi Yehoshua.

במשקין – which blacken like the juice of mulberries and things similar to them.

במי פירות – of all other fruits.

באבק דרכים – such as tracing with his finger the shame of letters on the sand and the dust that is on the roads.

באבק סופרים – the sandy matter of chest of a scribe.

לאחר ידו – on the back of his hand, that he held the writing pen with his fingers and turned his hand over and wrote.

ובמרפיקו – the intermediate joint of the arm.

אות אחת סמוך לכתב – near one written letter, he doubled it and completed it to make two.

כתב על גבי כתב – he passed the writing pen over the letters already written and renewed them.

וכתב שני זיינין – the roof of the letter "ח" /Chet did not appear but only the two legs, so it appeared as if they were two letters "ז"/Zayin.

על ב' כותלי הבית – which were not at an angle.

על שני דפי פנקס – that are made column by column. He wrote one letter in this column and one letter in another column and he is unable to bring them close other than if he cuts out what is interrupting between them, the Tanna/Teacher of the Mishnah in the first part mentioned the walls of the house that are distant from each other, and afterwards taught the pages of a ledger/notebook and not only this, but also that, he taught (= the cases in the Mishnah are in descending order of demonstrability).

אות אחת על שם נוטריקון – he made the symbol of a dot on it and we understand from that letter a complete word such as "ק"/Kof – קרבן/Sacrifice; "מ"/Mem – מעשר/Tithe; "ת"/Taf – תרומה/Priest’s due.

רבי יהושע בן בתירה אומר חייב – for since everyone understands from that letter a complete word, it is as if he wrote the letters of all of the word.

וחכמים פוטרין – for he did not write two letters, and the Halakha is according to the Sages.

בשתי העלמות – for after he wrote one letter inadvertently, it became known to him that he had transgressed, and then he went and in forgetfulness, once again, inadvertently, wrote a second letter at its side.

אחת בשחרית ואחת בין הערבים – for since there was a delay in between in order to know, it was like two [separate] acts of forgetfulness.

ר"ג מחייב – for he held that there is no awareness for half of a measure to divide that which is unnecessary the other half with it.

וחכמים פוטרין – who hold that the awareness that is between the two halves of the measure divide between them and they are not made as if they were two halves of a measure in one act of forgetfulness, and the Halakha is according to the Sages.